WEBVTT 00:00.810 --> 00:07.200 Uh, some drugs can split into partitions in order to manage and uh and separate information. 00:07.800 --> 00:14.130 So, for instance, you may want to separate your hard drives so that your swept file home directory 00:14.130 --> 00:17.880 and root directory are all on separate partitions. 00:18.360 --> 00:24.780 So you may want to do this for a number of reasons uh, including to share resources and to reflect 00:24.790 --> 00:25.930 the different permissions. 00:25.980 --> 00:32.430 So the new labels each partition with a minor number that comes after the Z designation. 00:32.880 --> 00:41.460 So this way, uh, then first partition on the certain, uh, wold be SD, a one I won't forget here 00:42.020 --> 00:43.370 is here. 00:44.010 --> 00:46.440 So let's find a CTA here. 00:46.950 --> 00:49.950 This is, uh, my hard drive. 00:51.060 --> 01:03.690 If you had a second device, attach it to your computer, you will still be SDC esteem or SDF like that. 01:04.110 --> 01:09.030 How many files that many SD and Alphabet you will have? 01:10.800 --> 01:11.130 So. 01:14.660 --> 01:21.170 Uh, this way, uh, mine, the miner, as you can see here, that this way, uh uh, the first position 01:21.170 --> 01:25.480 on the setup will, uh, drive Baldwin SD a one. 01:26.570 --> 01:33.490 So the second position will do it and stick a tool towards the tree and so on. 01:33.500 --> 01:33.860 Yeah. 01:34.970 --> 01:42.920 And here so at times, you may want to view the politicians on your Linux system to see which one, 01:43.310 --> 01:47.000 which ones you have and how much capacity is available in each. 01:47.450 --> 01:51.170 You can do this by using if disk utility utility. 01:52.230 --> 02:03.360 And um, if this utility, you can do this by if this utility and using L Switch with fdisk lifts all 02:03.360 --> 02:10.580 the partitions here because we need to, uh, give of permissions to this pseudo and Typekit of kind 02:10.590 --> 02:11.400 of passport here. 02:11.400 --> 02:16.470 As you can see here, we have, uh, we printed all of our disks here. 02:17.040 --> 02:27.150 So as you can see here, the device's SD, A1, SD, A2 and A5 are listed in the first stanza. 02:28.110 --> 02:34.290 So these three devices make up the virtual disks from my virtual machine, which is, um. 02:35.660 --> 02:44.360 Eighteen eighty gigabyte drive with three partitions here, including the server partitions, um, including 02:44.360 --> 02:51.950 the smart partitions and which acts like a virtual lame ram, similar to page files and windows. 02:52.990 --> 02:56.080 So sweat partitions and it's like a virtual ram. 02:56.920 --> 03:03.020 It's similar to windows like windows using patch partition for virtual ram. 03:03.040 --> 03:03.370 Right? 03:04.150 --> 03:08.500 So this partition is using when a RAM capacity is accepted. 03:08.650 --> 03:18.100 So if you scan down here now to the third Cesar, if you have it external drive, you will see a second 03:18.100 --> 03:22.480 device output designed by SD, B or STC here. 03:22.870 --> 03:29.890 So, uh, this can be your flash are flash drive or, um, anything here. 03:29.950 --> 03:40.570 So actually, we can, uh, see our drives here with Partition Gparted application here and you can 03:40.570 --> 03:41.620 run Gparted. 03:41.800 --> 03:46.240 You parked it like that and enter your password here. 03:46.240 --> 03:47.480 In my case is Kala. 03:47.650 --> 03:54.250 By default, as you can see, we can see our device's actual partition as well. 03:54.830 --> 03:57.520 It this is the one device here attached to it. 03:58.180 --> 04:01.960 And as you can see here, we have a two gigabyte. 04:03.290 --> 04:05.360 Actual seventy nine gigabyte. 04:06.680 --> 04:14.300 Main system, a root system, the second is extended and the second the third is Linux smart and one 04:14.300 --> 04:18.130 megabyte is unallocated near, as you can see the SDR. 04:18.230 --> 04:22.070 I have one hard disk and another X and I have discussed attached to it. 04:22.730 --> 04:31.310 So something else to note about the naming of the files in the directory is that the first positions 04:31.310 --> 04:34.820 contains either C or B. 04:35.810 --> 04:43.580 So you can see here, for example, uh, as L here as you can see or C. 04:44.910 --> 04:50.040 Or be here, we will have, as you can see there, a bee here. 04:51.390 --> 04:58.710 So what this means, so these letter represents the two ways that devices transfer data in and out. 04:59.160 --> 05:05.760 So this C stands for character on this device are known as you might expect as a character devices. 05:06.840 --> 05:13.230 So external devices that interact with the system by sending and receiving data collected by characters 05:13.230 --> 05:13.800 such as. 05:14.980 --> 05:23.980 Mice or keyboards are connected devices, the B stands for the second type look devices, they communicate 05:23.980 --> 05:31.660 in blocks of data, multiple bytes at a time and include devices like hard drives and DVD, DVD drives 05:32.290 --> 05:33.650 and et cetera. 05:33.910 --> 05:41.020 These drives require high speed data transport and therefore send and receive data in blocks, many 05:41.020 --> 05:43.090 connectors or bytes at a time. 05:44.260 --> 05:49.750 So once you know whether a device is character or a bloke's device, you can easily get more information 05:49.750 --> 05:51.430 about it, as you will see next. 05:52.360 --> 05:59.890 So less blook devices and interfere in information with LSV Alki at least be OK. 06:00.130 --> 06:07.120 So Linux and the Linux common lisp health care for least block here, least block here. 06:07.780 --> 06:16.960 So this common list some basic information about each block device now listed in the Div Directory directory. 06:17.620 --> 06:21.700 So the result is similar to the output from the FTC IL here. 06:22.270 --> 06:27.250 So but it will also display the devices with multiple partitions in a kind of tree. 06:27.700 --> 06:35.260 So showing each device, which is partition as bridges here, uh, like that and does not require root 06:35.710 --> 06:37.300 privileges to a room run. 06:37.420 --> 06:41.380 So as you can see, we have SD and Xerox here. 06:42.430 --> 06:49.900 So the output includes the floppy, uh, if you have a little drive here, if T zero and DVD drive s 06:50.250 --> 06:51.990 s s are zero. 06:52.000 --> 06:54.040 So this isn't my DVD drive here. 06:54.850 --> 07:02.560 Uh, so this is simply a holdover for legacy systems for we can also see information on the mount point 07:02.560 --> 07:03.700 of the drive here. 07:04.180 --> 07:08.500 As you can see, there's multiple multipoint swap and this is the root directory, which is seven to 07:08.500 --> 07:11.380 nine hours, 18 and gigabytes here. 07:12.610 --> 07:13.330 Um, and. 07:14.880 --> 07:23.510 Not at them, Hard Drive is a one month old here, um, the road and the flash drive, if you have it, 07:23.510 --> 07:30.670 will amount to media here, so you will see more the significant of this in next pictures, actually 07:30.710 --> 07:32.900 next nine minutes here. 07:33.650 --> 07:35.690 So mounting and mounting. 07:37.960 --> 07:44.680 Most modern operating systems, including most new versions of Linux, Ottoman storage devices when 07:44.680 --> 07:50.290 they are attached, so meaning the new flash drive or hardware is automatically attached to the file 07:50.290 --> 07:58.300 system for those new to Linux, the mounting might be a subject, so a storage device must be first 07:58.300 --> 08:02.230 physically connected to the file system and then logically attached to the file system. 08:02.620 --> 08:05.710 In order for the data to be made available to the operating system. 08:06.130 --> 08:12.730 In other words, if the device is physically or physically attached to the system, it's a that's necessarily 08:13.000 --> 08:16.580 logically attached and available to the operating system. 08:16.900 --> 08:23.950 So the term mount is a legacy from the early days of competing, when storage tapes before hard drives 08:23.950 --> 08:27.970 had had to be physically mounted to the computer system. 08:28.510 --> 08:32.110 Think of these big computers with spinning tape drives. 08:32.110 --> 08:39.790 You might have seen old science fiction movies here, and I mentioned the point in the Directory three 08:40.210 --> 08:44.710 directory where the drives are attached is known as the Mount Point. 08:44.890 --> 08:50.130 So the two main ones in Linux are entire year. 08:50.680 --> 08:53.470 Actually, that's what happened. 08:54.890 --> 08:55.220 Most. 08:56.790 --> 08:57.390 I'm sorry. 08:57.630 --> 08:58.290 Display. 09:07.070 --> 09:07.430 Here. 09:16.250 --> 09:17.630 I'm sorry, one minute, please. 09:23.280 --> 09:23.580 OK. 09:29.080 --> 09:29.980 OK, we fixed it. 09:30.850 --> 09:32.800 So let's see the. 09:33.820 --> 09:34.150 Near. 09:37.010 --> 09:38.180 It's modest. 09:38.520 --> 09:44.490 So when as much as I mentioned the point in the directory three where the device are attached is known 09:44.490 --> 09:45.690 as the mind point. 09:46.140 --> 09:55.120 So the two main mount, no points in Linux are A. and media here media. 09:55.140 --> 10:02.340 As a general rule, internal hard drives are mandated to monitor that MMT and external use drives such 10:02.340 --> 10:10.290 as flash drives and external USB drives are mounted at media through a specially taken and taken strategically. 10:10.290 --> 10:11.700 Command directory can be used. 10:12.880 --> 10:15.910 So here I am using visual books. 10:16.010 --> 10:21.760 I actually am not using VMware here, so I will create a new USB flash drive. 10:21.760 --> 10:23.980 Here is the controller. 10:26.960 --> 10:28.160 Hard disk drive. 10:29.490 --> 10:33.090 This will be OK, great visual. 10:33.410 --> 10:38.010 It will be by 0.5 gigabyte. 10:39.700 --> 10:42.310 Store desk has a single file. 10:42.640 --> 10:42.990 OK. 10:46.830 --> 10:54.270 So in some versions of Linux, you amounted to a dry manual in in order in order to access its content. 10:54.660 --> 11:03.270 So this is a skill worth learning to your man to drive on the pipeline system, use the Mount Command. 11:03.660 --> 11:07.740 So demand point for the device will be an empty directory. 11:08.160 --> 11:16.890 If you want a device on a directory that has UM directory to subdirectories and files, the smart device 11:16.890 --> 11:21.810 will cover the contents of the directory, so making them invisible and unavailable. 11:22.140 --> 11:29.680 So the mount the new hard drive, for example, SDP amount is to be one at the M.A. Directory. 11:29.680 --> 11:41.820 You will enter here and Mount Dev SDB, SD or step one and month M.A. him into directory. 11:42.210 --> 11:50.340 So you have four in mounting the you will enter um, this following into a command M.A. you will have 11:50.340 --> 11:51.870 to use sudo here. 11:52.230 --> 11:55.860 And step one is not existed because it's either. 11:55.930 --> 12:01.190 I have no intel then instead be to my seer or external drive or drive. 12:01.200 --> 12:04.080 You know, the hard drive should be available for access. 12:04.260 --> 12:10.560 So if you want to monitor, um, flash drive STC one, is this one. 12:11.600 --> 12:14.270 Is this given to Media Directory? 12:14.750 --> 12:18.410 Uh, you know, you, uh, do enter this month here. 12:18.890 --> 12:19.310 So. 12:21.420 --> 12:27.280 We can amongst our devices as well, so if you are coming from a Mac or Windows window background, 12:27.490 --> 12:33.640 so you're probably on the drive without knowing so before your removal flash drive from your system, 12:33.940 --> 12:39.610 your as you remember, they mean right click on to erect it to keep causing damage to the files stored 12:39.610 --> 12:40.510 in the device. 12:40.840 --> 12:43.780 So Eject is just another word for unwanted. 12:44.260 --> 12:51.510 So similar to Mount Command, you can on want a second hard drive by entering on Mont or you're actually 12:51.520 --> 12:53.180 not amount you want. 12:53.800 --> 12:54.650 You want? 12:55.180 --> 13:04.930 Uh, here uh was followed by the entry of the device in the directory here, our dev sdb1, for example. 13:06.130 --> 13:06.580 And. 13:07.940 --> 13:08.410 Um. 13:09.570 --> 13:14.860 A similar demand comment you can on want a second hard drive by entering command here? 13:15.870 --> 13:18.930 Well, for example, I entered SDP one year. 13:24.350 --> 13:29.460 And then click Enter and this you can see it, I have no such file or directory because I know that 13:29.960 --> 13:36.440 I entered in this um stibbe one here so we can monitor files here. 13:36.670 --> 13:37.110 Yeah. 13:37.520 --> 13:39.860 You be in this lecture as well. 13:40.340 --> 13:40.880 We will. 13:41.330 --> 13:45.230 We will also look at some comments for monitoring this state of the fire system. 13:45.650 --> 13:48.770 So esco necessary for any hacker or system administrator. 13:48.890 --> 13:56.360 So we will get some information about the amount of disks and then checked for and fix errors here. 13:56.840 --> 14:01.040 So storage devices are virtually error front, so it's not learning the skill. 14:01.550 --> 14:04.490 So getting information on mounted disks, actually, it's me. 14:04.670 --> 14:05.050 Sure. 14:05.090 --> 14:05.420 OK. 14:05.750 --> 14:11.810 So getting information on mounted disk to the command, the f the f. 14:13.770 --> 14:21.000 Um, means this hopefully will provide us with basic information on any hard disks or smart devices 14:21.000 --> 14:27.590 such as CDs or DVDs and flash drives, including how much space is being used and how much is available 14:28.500 --> 14:29.430 with alternate options. 14:29.850 --> 14:38.010 DD if Dev holds the first drive on your system, in this case, it is, uh, it's a and. 14:41.420 --> 14:46.810 If you want to check a different drive simply full of DMF, comment here. 14:47.120 --> 14:50.300 Uh, buy your driving him. 14:52.740 --> 14:54.870 So we can check errors as well here. 14:55.240 --> 15:03.610 Know if it's if it's, uh, see command shortfall fi system check checks to file system for errors and 15:03.610 --> 15:04.680 the repairs the damage. 15:05.660 --> 15:13.490 If possible or else, plus the bed area in to a bad bloke's table to market as a bed so near to turn 15:13.940 --> 15:19.340 to run, if it's seeking common, you need to specify the filesystem type here. 15:21.850 --> 15:23.090 Actual, uh. 15:25.090 --> 15:29.470 And I will not continue here, so you can. 15:29.740 --> 15:41.200 So in order to run it first, you hold one moment there is to be one or your, um, your file system, 15:41.800 --> 15:43.920 I it storage devices. 15:44.800 --> 15:45.160 So. 15:47.020 --> 15:53.080 Um, and then you can run if it's seeking comment here, which I will not run. 15:53.320 --> 16:01.000 So understanding how Linux designers and manage its devices is circular for any Linux user and hacker 16:01.450 --> 16:07.180 hackers will need to know what devices are attached to a system and how much space is available. 16:07.480 --> 16:13.300 Because storage devices are often develop errors here so we can check and report these errors with f 16:13.300 --> 16:20.680 s c key and D, the command is capable of making the physical copy of a device, including any deleted 16:20.680 --> 16:21.430 files, of course.