In this section of the course,
we're going to discuss IP addressing.
Now you may be wondering what is an IP address?
Well, an IP address,
also known as an internet protocol address,
is an assigned numerical label
that's used to identify internet communicating devices
on a computer network.
IP addresses are used at layer 3 of the OSI model,
and they're going to be used by routers to send data
from one network into another.
Remember, when we're dealing with two devices
that are internal to our own local area network,
we're really dealing with layer 2 addressing,
which is handled by our switches using MAC addresses
to forward the data around the network.
But once we start connecting two different networks
or even two different subnets together
inside of our networks,
we now have to start using layer 3 addressing
with IP addresses.
Let me give you an analogy to help you understand
how IP addressing works.
Let's pretend that an IP address is to a computer
just like your mailing address is to your house or office.
Now the way we uniquely identify a building
from all the other buildings that exist on the same street
is by using a house number.
Now each house can stand on its own
and it can be built wherever you want
regardless of whether it has an assigned address
on the front of the house.
This would be the equivalent of me powering on my laptop
while not being connected to any network.
Because nobody needs to know where I am
or how to connect to my laptop,
it doesn't really matter if I have an IP address or not.
But if I want to tell somebody
to come over to my house late at night,
they need to know where my house is located
and they have to know how to get from one house to another.
And to do all of that,
we need to know the house number,
the street, the city name, the state, and the zip code.
This would be equivalent of having an IP address
assigned on my laptop
because now people know where I'm located
and they know how to send data to me
by using that IP address.
Now let's go back to the office or house example.
Let's say you want to be able to communicate with people
and you now know their house number,
their street, their city,
and their state that make up their address.
This way you'll be able to send them
some kind of letter or package or postcard, right?
Well, here in the United States,
we have a standard format
for any letter or package or postcard
that we want to have delivered
by the United States Postal Service.
The first line is going to be the building number
and the street name, something like 2151 Consulate Drive,
then you may have a second line that includes
a unit, a condo, a suite, or an apartment number
if you're in a multiple unit building.
So for example, in my office, we are Suite 5.
The third line will have your city, state, and zip code.
Now this might be something like Orlando, Florida, 32837.
So if you want to go ahead and send me a postcard
to my office, you certainly can.
All you have to do is write Jason Dion,
2151 Consulate Drive, Suite 5, Orlando, Florida, 32837,
and then you'll place a stamp on that postcard,
put it in your mailbox,
and magically it'll show up at my office
three to five days later in most cases.
By using the standard format,
our postal system will be able to figure out how to send
that postcard from your house to my office most efficiently
because all of us are going to be using the same common format
and we all know how to read it and use it.
So when something is being sent from your house
to my office, your post office will first start
at the final line, which is the most generic part.
This has the city, state, and zip code.
So the first thing your post office is going to do
when they get your postcard
is they're going to look at the zip code on it
and see does the destination zip code
match the source zip code, meaning,
are you and I located in the same city,
served by the same post office?
For our example, let's assume you live
in Beverly Hills, California, 90210.
Now here, in the postal system,
each post office is going to serve only one zip code.
So if I live outside of Beverly Hills,
I have to get that letter from your post office
to another one that can then get to me.
Now, if you mail the letter
from the Beverly Hills post office with 90210,
they're going to look at the letter
and they're going to say, huh,
this is going to zip code 32837, that isn't me.
And since it isn't them, they don't care,
and they're just going to send it to the central
distribution facility for their region,
which happens to be located in Los Angeles, California,
for those in Southern California.
Now from here, that area is going to look at that
and then figure out how do I get it from California
over to Orlando, Florida.
Now, they're not just going to put it on a plane
and flight directly to Orlando.
That would be the most efficient maybe,
but it wouldn't be the most cost-effective
for the postal service.
So instead, they use regional distribution centers
to move things to a general area
covering two or three states,
and then they move to a citywide distribution center
and then to your specific post office
that will do the final delivery.
So in this case, it's going to go from Beverly Hills
to the regional distribution center located in Los Angeles,
and from there they're going to put your postcard on a truck
with everybody else's mail
that's destined for somewhere
in the Southeastern United States,
including places like Florida, Alabama, and Georgia.
This means that's going to go all the way over
to our regional distribution center,
which happens to be located in Jacksonville, Florida,
which is actually about two hours away from my office.
Now, this regional distribution center
serves the Southeastern part of the United States,
and once it gets here, they're going to look at the city, state
and zip code to determine is it for their facility.
And it's not because they're a regional center.
Then they'll say, "What city does it need to go to?"
And in this case, it needs to go to Orlando.
So they'll load it on a truck with a bunch of other things
and send it to the local city distribution center
for Orlando.
Now Orlando is actually a really big city.
We have about a half a million to a million people,
and we have 23 different zip codes
and post offices that serve our city.
So you need to get it not just to Orlando,
but to my specific post office.
So once it gets here from Jacksonville,
it will go to our regional or citywide office
that does the distribution to those 23 post offices,
and they'll put that postcard in
with all the other mail destined for the zip code of 32837,
and it will go to our local post office.
Now, once it gets to that local post office,
it needs to get put on a truck with a mail person
to take it to my office.
And the way they do this is that most mail people
will be able to serve somewhere between 10
and 30 different street addresses on their route.
So my postcard, along with all the other ones for our street
and the ones close by will get put onto a post truck
and that post truck will drive around
until they find our building at 2151 on Consulate Drive.
Then they find the building.
Now they have to find the suite, and ours is Suite 5.
Once they do that, they'll find our mailbox,
they'll put the postcard in the mailbox
and their job is done,
that postcard is now gone all the way from California
to Jacksonville to Orlando,
to my specific post office in Orlando,
and then to my mailbox at my office building.
Now, all of that happened in a span of about three
to five days in most cases,
and at a cost of around 60 cents for a postcard.
So I think that's a pretty awesome deal if you ask me.
All right, let's jump back into the world
of networks and computers.
The same type of thing is going to happen with our data,
just like it did with that postcard that we mailed
in our example.
The data's going to get routed around
until it finds the right location,
and then that location will be determined
by the IP address of the source
and the destination that we're trying to send
and receive data at.
So if you want to communicate with other computers
outside of your local area network or subnet,
you have to know their IP address
because that serves as the number,
street address, city, state,
and zip to identify that unique system on the internet.
Now, an IP address can come in one of two formats though,
you'll find them as either IPv4 or IPv6 addresses,
which stands for Internet Protocol version 4
or Internet Protocol version 6.
In this section of the course,
we're going to discuss both of these formats of IPs,
why each one might be used,
and how information begins to flow at layer 3
of the OSI model using both of these kinds of IP addresses.
Now we're going to be focused solely
on domain 1, networking concepts,
in this section of the course,
we'll be covering objective 1.4,
which states that you must be able
to explain common networking ports,
protocols, services, and traffic types.
We'll also cover objective 1.7, which states,
given a scenario you must be able
to use appropriate IPv4 network addressing.
And we'll also be covering objective 1.8,
which states that you must be able
to summarize evolving use cases
for modern network environments.
Now first we're going to look at the basics
of IPv4 addressing,
including how an IPv4 address is formatted
and how it's going to use a dotted decimal notation
to represent its true binary value.
Then we're going to be discussing the different types
of IPv4 addresses that you can use, including Class A,
Class B, Class C, Class D, Class E, public IPs, private IPs,
and the reserve local host, and IP per address ranges.
Next, you're going to learn about the different types
of IPv4 data flows like unicast, multicast, and broadcast.
After that, we'll cover how IPv4 addresses are assigned
to our client devices,
and then we'll be discussing computer mathematics
where you'll learn how to do conversions
from binary to decimal and decimal to binary.
Next, we'll explore the world of subnetting,
and as we do this, we're going to start out
by learning the actual method of doing it, using mathematics
and pens and paper to do these math problems
and calculate our subnets,
as well as performing a few practice problems together
so you can verify you've learned how to do it properly.
Now, this will allow you to be able to calculate
a proper subnet, a network address,
and a broadcast address for a given subnet.
I'll then show you my infamous shortcut
for doing subnet problems by learning how
to count on your hands instead of relying on long
and drawn-out math problems like we're going to do
when we calculate our subnet values.
This will save you a lot of time on the exam
if you learn my method,
but it's important you learn the real way first
using math so that the hand method
will make a lot more sense to you.
Now, subnetting is an area that many students struggle with,
so I'm going to be spending several lessons on subnetting
to ensure you can successfully enter
any subnetting questions on your exam.
After that, we'll discuss the newest type of IP addressing,
which is internet protocol version 6,
internet protocol version 6 is going to use
128 bit address scheme to increase the number
of available IP addresses over the older IP version 4
addressing system that's only going to be used
with a 32 bit address scheme.
Then we'll cover the different data flows
used in IP version 6,
including unicast, multicast, and anycast.
And next we'll be discussing the differences
between IPv4 and IPv6, as well as discussing
how we can use tunneling, dual stack,
and NAT64 to provide compatibility
between the older IPv4 and the newer IPv6.
Finally, we'll take a short quiz to see what you learned
during this section of the course
and review your answers to ensure you know
why the right answers were right
and the wrong answers were wrong.
So if you're ready, let's get started with our coverage
of IP addressing in this section of the course.