1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:01,770
In this lesson, we're going to discuss

2
00:00:01,770 --> 00:00:04,380
file transfer port and protocols.

3
00:00:04,380 --> 00:00:06,420
Now, as we start looking at file transfer ports

4
00:00:06,420 --> 00:00:08,310
and protocols, we have to realize that these

5
00:00:08,310 --> 00:00:10,680
are specialized rules and procedures that are utilized

6
00:00:10,680 --> 00:00:13,350
for the transmission of files across our networks.

7
00:00:13,350 --> 00:00:15,240
And they operate on the designated ports

8
00:00:15,240 --> 00:00:18,600
that act as doorways for our data transfer activities.

9
00:00:18,600 --> 00:00:20,730
Whenever we're managing file transfers over a network

10
00:00:20,730 --> 00:00:22,920
or the internet, there are several protocols

11
00:00:22,920 --> 00:00:25,740
that each have their own ports that we're going to be using.

12
00:00:25,740 --> 00:00:29,010
So in this lesson, we're going to be talking about FTP,

13
00:00:29,010 --> 00:00:33,150
SFTP, TFTP, and SMB.

14
00:00:33,150 --> 00:00:35,670
Each of these protocols does serve different purposes,

15
00:00:35,670 --> 00:00:38,790
and offers various levels of security and functionality.

16
00:00:38,790 --> 00:00:41,070
First, we have FTP.

17
00:00:41,070 --> 00:00:43,410
FTP, or the file transfer protocol,

18
00:00:43,410 --> 00:00:45,180
is one of the oldest protocols that's used

19
00:00:45,180 --> 00:00:46,770
for transferring files between a client

20
00:00:46,770 --> 00:00:48,720
and a server over a network.

21
00:00:48,720 --> 00:00:51,690
FTP actually is associated with two different ports,

22
00:00:51,690 --> 00:00:54,120
port 20 and port 21.

23
00:00:54,120 --> 00:00:56,910
Port 20 is used for the actual data transfer.

24
00:00:56,910 --> 00:01:00,000
But port 21 is actually used for setting control command

25
00:01:00,000 --> 00:01:02,880
to be able to say, I want to upload or download this file,

26
00:01:02,880 --> 00:01:04,379
and things like that.

27
00:01:04,379 --> 00:01:06,930
So whenever an FTP session is going to be initiated,

28
00:01:06,930 --> 00:01:08,760
the client will first use port 21

29
00:01:08,760 --> 00:01:11,670
to communicate with the server, authenticate if necessary,

30
00:01:11,670 --> 00:01:13,590
and then set up the file transfer.

31
00:01:13,590 --> 00:01:15,180
Once those commands are sent,

32
00:01:15,180 --> 00:01:18,450
then the data transfer takes place over port 20.

33
00:01:18,450 --> 00:01:21,180
While FTP is widely utilized due to its simplicity

34
00:01:21,180 --> 00:01:23,490
and support across many different platforms,

35
00:01:23,490 --> 00:01:26,790
it does have a lot of drawbacks in terms of security.

36
00:01:26,790 --> 00:01:30,180
This is because transmissions over FTP are not encrypted,

37
00:01:30,180 --> 00:01:31,980
and they're sent in plain text.

38
00:01:31,980 --> 00:01:34,230
This means if you're logging into an FTP server

39
00:01:34,230 --> 00:01:36,090
by providing your username and password,

40
00:01:36,090 --> 00:01:39,450
that can actually be intercepted and read by others as well.

41
00:01:39,450 --> 00:01:42,690
The second one we need to talk about is SFTP.

42
00:01:42,690 --> 00:01:46,440
SFTP, or the secure file transfer is what was created

43
00:01:46,440 --> 00:01:49,410
to address the security concerns of FTP.

44
00:01:49,410 --> 00:01:52,500
Now, SFTP actually stands for the SSH

45
00:01:52,500 --> 00:01:56,280
file transfer protocol, or secure FTP.

46
00:01:56,280 --> 00:01:59,220
SFTP will operate over port 22,

47
00:01:59,220 --> 00:02:00,360
and this is the standard port

48
00:02:00,360 --> 00:02:03,360
for the secure shell, or SSH connections.

49
00:02:03,360 --> 00:02:06,810
Essentially, what we're doing with SFTP is we are tunneling

50
00:02:06,810 --> 00:02:10,289
an FTP protocol through an SSH connection,

51
00:02:10,289 --> 00:02:12,030
which is already encrypted.

52
00:02:12,030 --> 00:02:15,780
This way, SFTP can encompass the functionalities of FTP,

53
00:02:15,780 --> 00:02:18,540
along with all those security features of secure shell,

54
00:02:18,540 --> 00:02:20,640
or SSH, by encrypting the data

55
00:02:20,640 --> 00:02:22,110
before it's being transferred.

56
00:02:22,110 --> 00:02:24,060
And this prevents unauthorized disclosure,

57
00:02:24,060 --> 00:02:27,540
and it ensures secure file transmissions are occurring.

58
00:02:27,540 --> 00:02:30,810
The third protocol we need to talk about is TFTP.

59
00:02:30,810 --> 00:02:34,680
Now, TFTP stands for the trivial file transfer protocol,

60
00:02:34,680 --> 00:02:37,200
and it operates over port 69.

61
00:02:37,200 --> 00:02:40,050
Now, TFTP is a simpler, more basic version

62
00:02:40,050 --> 00:02:42,480
of the file transfer protocol, and it doesn't have any

63
00:02:42,480 --> 00:02:44,970
of the bells and whistles of user authentication,

64
00:02:44,970 --> 00:02:47,280
directory browsing, and things like that.

65
00:02:47,280 --> 00:02:50,280
With TFTP, it's just designed for sending files

66
00:02:50,280 --> 00:02:52,230
when minimal security is sufficient,

67
00:02:52,230 --> 00:02:54,420
such as when you're booting up a diskless workstation,

68
00:02:54,420 --> 00:02:56,700
a network device, or a voice over internet

69
00:02:56,700 --> 00:02:58,860
protocol phone on somebody's desk.

70
00:02:58,860 --> 00:03:02,220
All of these do rely on TFTP to get the downloading

71
00:03:02,220 --> 00:03:04,650
of information to those devices.

72
00:03:04,650 --> 00:03:08,160
The fourth and final one we need to discuss is SMB.

73
00:03:08,160 --> 00:03:11,160
Now, SMB, which stands for server message block,

74
00:03:11,160 --> 00:03:14,370
is going to operate over port 445.

75
00:03:14,370 --> 00:03:17,010
SMB is a network file sharing protocol

76
00:03:17,010 --> 00:03:19,830
that allows applications on a computer to read and write

77
00:03:19,830 --> 00:03:22,890
to files and request services from the server programs

78
00:03:22,890 --> 00:03:24,870
inside of a computer network.

79
00:03:24,870 --> 00:03:28,080
SMB is predominantly used for Windows file sharing,

80
00:03:28,080 --> 00:03:29,880
and it allows Windows computers to communicate

81
00:03:29,880 --> 00:03:32,370
with each other and share files over a network.

82
00:03:32,370 --> 00:03:34,380
Now, there is a cross platform version of this

83
00:03:34,380 --> 00:03:37,110
known as Samba, which exists on Linux systems,

84
00:03:37,110 --> 00:03:40,230
that then does rely on the SMB protocol as well.

85
00:03:40,230 --> 00:03:41,820
And so, it is something that is now considered

86
00:03:41,820 --> 00:03:43,980
cross-platform, but was originally designed

87
00:03:43,980 --> 00:03:45,990
just for Windows systems.

88
00:03:45,990 --> 00:03:48,480
Another important thing to remember about SMB

89
00:03:48,480 --> 00:03:50,400
is it is almost exclusively used

90
00:03:50,400 --> 00:03:53,280
inside of local area networks, and it is not a protocol

91
00:03:53,280 --> 00:03:55,320
to send data across the internet,

92
00:03:55,320 --> 00:03:59,010
like you would with FTP or SFTP.

93
00:03:59,010 --> 00:04:01,800
So remember, it's important to understand how file transfers

94
00:04:01,800 --> 00:04:04,260
can be done by using the right ports and protocols

95
00:04:04,260 --> 00:04:06,060
for the function you need.

96
00:04:06,060 --> 00:04:08,700
If you're dealing with FTP, you're going to be utilizing

97
00:04:08,700 --> 00:04:12,180
port 20 and port 21 for basic file transfers.

98
00:04:12,180 --> 00:04:14,400
Where port 20 is used for the data transfer,

99
00:04:14,400 --> 00:04:16,589
and port 21 is used for the commands

100
00:04:16,589 --> 00:04:18,810
inside of the FTP protocol.

101
00:04:18,810 --> 00:04:21,149
If you're using SFTP, you'll be able to have

102
00:04:21,149 --> 00:04:25,020
secure file transfer capabilities by operating over port 22,

103
00:04:25,020 --> 00:04:27,900
by combining the benefits of file transfer from FTP

104
00:04:27,900 --> 00:04:30,180
with the security of SSH.

105
00:04:30,180 --> 00:04:32,580
If you're using TFTP, you're going to use this

106
00:04:32,580 --> 00:04:34,350
for simple unsecured transfers,

107
00:04:34,350 --> 00:04:36,870
and this occurs over port 69.

108
00:04:36,870 --> 00:04:39,480
And finally, if you're operating SMB,

109
00:04:39,480 --> 00:04:41,997
you're going to be doing this over port 445,

110
00:04:41,997 --> 00:04:44,940
and it's mostly used for Windows network file sharing,

111
00:04:44,940 --> 00:04:47,940
especially inside of a local area network.

112
00:04:47,940 --> 00:04:49,770
When it comes to choosing your protocol,

113
00:04:49,770 --> 00:04:52,050
remember that you need to align your security requirements,

114
00:04:52,050 --> 00:04:54,120
network environment, and functionality needed

115
00:04:54,120 --> 00:04:56,250
for the task at hand to select the right

116
00:04:56,250 --> 00:04:58,443
file transfer protocol for your use.