1 00:00:00,150 --> 00:00:01,260 In this section of the course, 2 00:00:01,260 --> 00:00:03,177 we're going to discuss IP addressing. 3 00:00:03,177 --> 00:00:06,120 Now you may be wondering what is an IP address? 4 00:00:06,120 --> 00:00:07,320 Well, an IP address, 5 00:00:07,320 --> 00:00:09,330 also known as an internet protocol address, 6 00:00:09,330 --> 00:00:10,800 is an assigned numerical label 7 00:00:10,800 --> 00:00:12,990 that's used to identify internet communicating devices 8 00:00:12,990 --> 00:00:14,460 on a computer network. 9 00:00:14,460 --> 00:00:17,310 IP addresses are used at layer 3 of the OSI model, 10 00:00:17,310 --> 00:00:19,020 and they're going to be used by routers to send data 11 00:00:19,020 --> 00:00:20,820 from one network into another. 12 00:00:20,820 --> 00:00:22,710 Remember, when we're dealing with two devices 13 00:00:22,710 --> 00:00:24,870 that are internal to our own local area network, 14 00:00:24,870 --> 00:00:26,760 we're really dealing with layer 2 addressing, 15 00:00:26,760 --> 00:00:29,130 which is handled by our switches using MAC addresses 16 00:00:29,130 --> 00:00:31,080 to forward the data around the network. 17 00:00:31,080 --> 00:00:33,420 But once we start connecting two different networks 18 00:00:33,420 --> 00:00:34,890 or even two different subnets together 19 00:00:34,890 --> 00:00:36,090 inside of our networks, 20 00:00:36,090 --> 00:00:38,220 we now have to start using layer 3 addressing 21 00:00:38,220 --> 00:00:39,870 with IP addresses. 22 00:00:39,870 --> 00:00:41,520 Let me give you an analogy to help you understand 23 00:00:41,520 --> 00:00:43,260 how IP addressing works. 24 00:00:43,260 --> 00:00:45,690 Let's pretend that an IP address is to a computer 25 00:00:45,690 --> 00:00:48,630 just like your mailing address is to your house or office. 26 00:00:48,630 --> 00:00:50,550 Now the way we uniquely identify a building 27 00:00:50,550 --> 00:00:52,740 from all the other buildings that exist on the same street 28 00:00:52,740 --> 00:00:54,750 is by using a house number. 29 00:00:54,750 --> 00:00:56,610 Now each house can stand on its own 30 00:00:56,610 --> 00:00:57,840 and it can be built wherever you want 31 00:00:57,840 --> 00:00:59,880 regardless of whether it has an assigned address 32 00:00:59,880 --> 00:01:01,290 on the front of the house. 33 00:01:01,290 --> 00:01:03,570 This would be the equivalent of me powering on my laptop 34 00:01:03,570 --> 00:01:05,580 while not being connected to any network. 35 00:01:05,580 --> 00:01:07,140 Because nobody needs to know where I am 36 00:01:07,140 --> 00:01:08,580 or how to connect to my laptop, 37 00:01:08,580 --> 00:01:11,460 it doesn't really matter if I have an IP address or not. 38 00:01:11,460 --> 00:01:12,600 But if I want to tell somebody 39 00:01:12,600 --> 00:01:14,220 to come over to my house late at night, 40 00:01:14,220 --> 00:01:16,170 they need to know where my house is located 41 00:01:16,170 --> 00:01:18,390 and they have to know how to get from one house to another. 42 00:01:18,390 --> 00:01:19,440 And to do all of that, 43 00:01:19,440 --> 00:01:20,910 we need to know the house number, 44 00:01:20,910 --> 00:01:24,330 the street, the city name, the state, and the zip code. 45 00:01:24,330 --> 00:01:26,100 This would be equivalent of having an IP address 46 00:01:26,100 --> 00:01:27,390 assigned on my laptop 47 00:01:27,390 --> 00:01:29,400 because now people know where I'm located 48 00:01:29,400 --> 00:01:31,050 and they know how to send data to me 49 00:01:31,050 --> 00:01:32,940 by using that IP address. 50 00:01:32,940 --> 00:01:35,580 Now let's go back to the office or house example. 51 00:01:35,580 --> 00:01:37,620 Let's say you want to be able to communicate with people 52 00:01:37,620 --> 00:01:39,240 and you now know their house number, 53 00:01:39,240 --> 00:01:40,230 their street, their city, 54 00:01:40,230 --> 00:01:42,210 and their state that make up their address. 55 00:01:42,210 --> 00:01:43,770 This way you'll be able to send them 56 00:01:43,770 --> 00:01:46,620 some kind of letter or package or postcard, right? 57 00:01:46,620 --> 00:01:47,820 Well, here in the United States, 58 00:01:47,820 --> 00:01:48,870 we have a standard format 59 00:01:48,870 --> 00:01:50,820 for any letter or package or postcard 60 00:01:50,820 --> 00:01:51,720 that we want to have delivered 61 00:01:51,720 --> 00:01:53,730 by the United States Postal Service. 62 00:01:53,730 --> 00:01:55,680 The first line is going to be the building number 63 00:01:55,680 --> 00:01:59,700 and the street name, something like 2151 Consulate Drive, 64 00:01:59,700 --> 00:02:02,010 then you may have a second line that includes 65 00:02:02,010 --> 00:02:04,830 a unit, a condo, a suite, or an apartment number 66 00:02:04,830 --> 00:02:06,930 if you're in a multiple unit building. 67 00:02:06,930 --> 00:02:10,350 So for example, in my office, we are Suite 5. 68 00:02:10,350 --> 00:02:13,500 The third line will have your city, state, and zip code. 69 00:02:13,500 --> 00:02:17,250 Now this might be something like Orlando, Florida, 32837. 70 00:02:17,250 --> 00:02:18,990 So if you want to go ahead and send me a postcard 71 00:02:18,990 --> 00:02:20,820 to my office, you certainly can. 72 00:02:20,820 --> 00:02:22,680 All you have to do is write Jason Dion, 73 00:02:22,680 --> 00:02:27,680 2151 Consulate Drive, Suite 5, Orlando, Florida, 32837, 74 00:02:27,840 --> 00:02:30,030 and then you'll place a stamp on that postcard, 75 00:02:30,030 --> 00:02:30,900 put it in your mailbox, 76 00:02:30,900 --> 00:02:33,030 and magically it'll show up at my office 77 00:02:33,030 --> 00:02:35,250 three to five days later in most cases. 78 00:02:35,250 --> 00:02:36,600 By using the standard format, 79 00:02:36,600 --> 00:02:38,730 our postal system will be able to figure out how to send 80 00:02:38,730 --> 00:02:42,210 that postcard from your house to my office most efficiently 81 00:02:42,210 --> 00:02:44,880 because all of us are going to be using the same common format 82 00:02:44,880 --> 00:02:47,010 and we all know how to read it and use it. 83 00:02:47,010 --> 00:02:49,260 So when something is being sent from your house 84 00:02:49,260 --> 00:02:51,720 to my office, your post office will first start 85 00:02:51,720 --> 00:02:54,540 at the final line, which is the most generic part. 86 00:02:54,540 --> 00:02:56,850 This has the city, state, and zip code. 87 00:02:56,850 --> 00:02:58,680 So the first thing your post office is going to do 88 00:02:58,680 --> 00:02:59,850 when they get your postcard 89 00:02:59,850 --> 00:03:01,500 is they're going to look at the zip code on it 90 00:03:01,500 --> 00:03:03,660 and see does the destination zip code 91 00:03:03,660 --> 00:03:05,850 match the source zip code, meaning, 92 00:03:05,850 --> 00:03:07,620 are you and I located in the same city, 93 00:03:07,620 --> 00:03:09,600 served by the same post office? 94 00:03:09,600 --> 00:03:11,430 For our example, let's assume you live 95 00:03:11,430 --> 00:03:14,400 in Beverly Hills, California, 90210. 96 00:03:14,400 --> 00:03:16,200 Now here, in the postal system, 97 00:03:16,200 --> 00:03:19,110 each post office is going to serve only one zip code. 98 00:03:19,110 --> 00:03:21,360 So if I live outside of Beverly Hills, 99 00:03:21,360 --> 00:03:23,550 I have to get that letter from your post office 100 00:03:23,550 --> 00:03:25,950 to another one that can then get to me. 101 00:03:25,950 --> 00:03:27,120 Now, if you mail the letter 102 00:03:27,120 --> 00:03:29,880 from the Beverly Hills post office with 90210, 103 00:03:29,880 --> 00:03:30,960 they're going to look at the letter 104 00:03:30,960 --> 00:03:32,130 and they're going to say, huh, 105 00:03:32,130 --> 00:03:35,670 this is going to zip code 32837, that isn't me. 106 00:03:35,670 --> 00:03:37,710 And since it isn't them, they don't care, 107 00:03:37,710 --> 00:03:39,000 and they're just going to send it to the central 108 00:03:39,000 --> 00:03:41,220 distribution facility for their region, 109 00:03:41,220 --> 00:03:43,980 which happens to be located in Los Angeles, California, 110 00:03:43,980 --> 00:03:45,960 for those in Southern California. 111 00:03:45,960 --> 00:03:48,750 Now from here, that area is going to look at that 112 00:03:48,750 --> 00:03:50,970 and then figure out how do I get it from California 113 00:03:50,970 --> 00:03:52,500 over to Orlando, Florida. 114 00:03:52,500 --> 00:03:53,820 Now, they're not just going to put it on a plane 115 00:03:53,820 --> 00:03:55,470 and flight directly to Orlando. 116 00:03:55,470 --> 00:03:57,120 That would be the most efficient maybe, 117 00:03:57,120 --> 00:03:58,590 but it wouldn't be the most cost-effective 118 00:03:58,590 --> 00:03:59,850 for the postal service. 119 00:03:59,850 --> 00:04:01,980 So instead, they use regional distribution centers 120 00:04:01,980 --> 00:04:03,840 to move things to a general area 121 00:04:03,840 --> 00:04:05,190 covering two or three states, 122 00:04:05,190 --> 00:04:07,530 and then they move to a citywide distribution center 123 00:04:07,530 --> 00:04:09,270 and then to your specific post office 124 00:04:09,270 --> 00:04:10,860 that will do the final delivery. 125 00:04:10,860 --> 00:04:12,930 So in this case, it's going to go from Beverly Hills 126 00:04:12,930 --> 00:04:15,570 to the regional distribution center located in Los Angeles, 127 00:04:15,570 --> 00:04:18,000 and from there they're going to put your postcard on a truck 128 00:04:18,000 --> 00:04:19,320 with everybody else's mail 129 00:04:19,320 --> 00:04:20,459 that's destined for somewhere 130 00:04:20,459 --> 00:04:22,110 in the Southeastern United States, 131 00:04:22,110 --> 00:04:25,080 including places like Florida, Alabama, and Georgia. 132 00:04:25,080 --> 00:04:26,940 This means that's going to go all the way over 133 00:04:26,940 --> 00:04:28,470 to our regional distribution center, 134 00:04:28,470 --> 00:04:30,780 which happens to be located in Jacksonville, Florida, 135 00:04:30,780 --> 00:04:33,180 which is actually about two hours away from my office. 136 00:04:33,180 --> 00:04:34,860 Now, this regional distribution center 137 00:04:34,860 --> 00:04:37,230 serves the Southeastern part of the United States, 138 00:04:37,230 --> 00:04:39,900 and once it gets here, they're going to look at the city, state 139 00:04:39,900 --> 00:04:42,540 and zip code to determine is it for their facility. 140 00:04:42,540 --> 00:04:44,580 And it's not because they're a regional center. 141 00:04:44,580 --> 00:04:46,950 Then they'll say, "What city does it need to go to?" 142 00:04:46,950 --> 00:04:48,960 And in this case, it needs to go to Orlando. 143 00:04:48,960 --> 00:04:51,540 So they'll load it on a truck with a bunch of other things 144 00:04:51,540 --> 00:04:53,940 and send it to the local city distribution center 145 00:04:53,940 --> 00:04:55,170 for Orlando. 146 00:04:55,170 --> 00:04:57,360 Now Orlando is actually a really big city. 147 00:04:57,360 --> 00:04:59,640 We have about a half a million to a million people, 148 00:04:59,640 --> 00:05:01,410 and we have 23 different zip codes 149 00:05:01,410 --> 00:05:04,020 and post offices that serve our city. 150 00:05:04,020 --> 00:05:06,360 So you need to get it not just to Orlando, 151 00:05:06,360 --> 00:05:08,160 but to my specific post office. 152 00:05:08,160 --> 00:05:09,900 So once it gets here from Jacksonville, 153 00:05:09,900 --> 00:05:12,420 it will go to our regional or citywide office 154 00:05:12,420 --> 00:05:15,120 that does the distribution to those 23 post offices, 155 00:05:15,120 --> 00:05:16,650 and they'll put that postcard in 156 00:05:16,650 --> 00:05:20,430 with all the other mail destined for the zip code of 32837, 157 00:05:20,430 --> 00:05:22,650 and it will go to our local post office. 158 00:05:22,650 --> 00:05:24,930 Now, once it gets to that local post office, 159 00:05:24,930 --> 00:05:27,150 it needs to get put on a truck with a mail person 160 00:05:27,150 --> 00:05:28,440 to take it to my office. 161 00:05:28,440 --> 00:05:30,630 And the way they do this is that most mail people 162 00:05:30,630 --> 00:05:31,857 will be able to serve somewhere between 10 163 00:05:31,857 --> 00:05:35,220 and 30 different street addresses on their route. 164 00:05:35,220 --> 00:05:38,670 So my postcard, along with all the other ones for our street 165 00:05:38,670 --> 00:05:41,490 and the ones close by will get put onto a post truck 166 00:05:41,490 --> 00:05:43,170 and that post truck will drive around 167 00:05:43,170 --> 00:05:47,640 until they find our building at 2151 on Consulate Drive. 168 00:05:47,640 --> 00:05:49,230 Then they find the building. 169 00:05:49,230 --> 00:05:52,200 Now they have to find the suite, and ours is Suite 5. 170 00:05:52,200 --> 00:05:54,180 Once they do that, they'll find our mailbox, 171 00:05:54,180 --> 00:05:55,800 they'll put the postcard in the mailbox 172 00:05:55,800 --> 00:05:57,060 and their job is done, 173 00:05:57,060 --> 00:05:59,790 that postcard is now gone all the way from California 174 00:05:59,790 --> 00:06:01,560 to Jacksonville to Orlando, 175 00:06:01,560 --> 00:06:03,480 to my specific post office in Orlando, 176 00:06:03,480 --> 00:06:06,480 and then to my mailbox at my office building. 177 00:06:06,480 --> 00:06:08,910 Now, all of that happened in a span of about three 178 00:06:08,910 --> 00:06:10,560 to five days in most cases, 179 00:06:10,560 --> 00:06:13,380 and at a cost of around 60 cents for a postcard. 180 00:06:13,380 --> 00:06:16,350 So I think that's a pretty awesome deal if you ask me. 181 00:06:16,350 --> 00:06:17,610 All right, let's jump back into the world 182 00:06:17,610 --> 00:06:18,930 of networks and computers. 183 00:06:18,930 --> 00:06:21,060 The same type of thing is going to happen with our data, 184 00:06:21,060 --> 00:06:22,830 just like it did with that postcard that we mailed 185 00:06:22,830 --> 00:06:23,880 in our example. 186 00:06:23,880 --> 00:06:25,380 The data's going to get routed around 187 00:06:25,380 --> 00:06:26,910 until it finds the right location, 188 00:06:26,910 --> 00:06:28,770 and then that location will be determined 189 00:06:28,770 --> 00:06:30,480 by the IP address of the source 190 00:06:30,480 --> 00:06:32,340 and the destination that we're trying to send 191 00:06:32,340 --> 00:06:33,810 and receive data at. 192 00:06:33,810 --> 00:06:35,730 So if you want to communicate with other computers 193 00:06:35,730 --> 00:06:37,830 outside of your local area network or subnet, 194 00:06:37,830 --> 00:06:39,090 you have to know their IP address 195 00:06:39,090 --> 00:06:41,250 because that serves as the number, 196 00:06:41,250 --> 00:06:42,570 street address, city, state, 197 00:06:42,570 --> 00:06:46,050 and zip to identify that unique system on the internet. 198 00:06:46,050 --> 00:06:48,750 Now, an IP address can come in one of two formats though, 199 00:06:48,750 --> 00:06:51,930 you'll find them as either IPv4 or IPv6 addresses, 200 00:06:51,930 --> 00:06:53,910 which stands for Internet Protocol version 4 201 00:06:53,910 --> 00:06:55,860 or Internet Protocol version 6. 202 00:06:55,860 --> 00:06:57,180 In this section of the course, 203 00:06:57,180 --> 00:06:59,490 we're going to discuss both of these formats of IPs, 204 00:06:59,490 --> 00:07:00,840 why each one might be used, 205 00:07:00,840 --> 00:07:03,000 and how information begins to flow at layer 3 206 00:07:03,000 --> 00:07:06,540 of the OSI model using both of these kinds of IP addresses. 207 00:07:06,540 --> 00:07:07,770 Now we're going to be focused solely 208 00:07:07,770 --> 00:07:09,750 on domain 1, networking concepts, 209 00:07:09,750 --> 00:07:11,250 in this section of the course, 210 00:07:11,250 --> 00:07:13,170 we'll be covering objective 1.4, 211 00:07:13,170 --> 00:07:14,250 which states that you must be able 212 00:07:14,250 --> 00:07:16,020 to explain common networking ports, 213 00:07:16,020 --> 00:07:18,450 protocols, services, and traffic types. 214 00:07:18,450 --> 00:07:20,940 We'll also cover objective 1.7, which states, 215 00:07:20,940 --> 00:07:22,500 given a scenario you must be able 216 00:07:22,500 --> 00:07:25,530 to use appropriate IPv4 network addressing. 217 00:07:25,530 --> 00:07:27,900 And we'll also be covering objective 1.8, 218 00:07:27,900 --> 00:07:28,980 which states that you must be able 219 00:07:28,980 --> 00:07:30,690 to summarize evolving use cases 220 00:07:30,690 --> 00:07:32,580 for modern network environments. 221 00:07:32,580 --> 00:07:34,380 Now first we're going to look at the basics 222 00:07:34,380 --> 00:07:35,760 of IPv4 addressing, 223 00:07:35,760 --> 00:07:38,070 including how an IPv4 address is formatted 224 00:07:38,070 --> 00:07:40,440 and how it's going to use a dotted decimal notation 225 00:07:40,440 --> 00:07:42,750 to represent its true binary value. 226 00:07:42,750 --> 00:07:44,670 Then we're going to be discussing the different types 227 00:07:44,670 --> 00:07:47,670 of IPv4 addresses that you can use, including Class A, 228 00:07:47,670 --> 00:07:51,960 Class B, Class C, Class D, Class E, public IPs, private IPs, 229 00:07:51,960 --> 00:07:54,810 and the reserve local host, and IP per address ranges. 230 00:07:54,810 --> 00:07:56,610 Next, you're going to learn about the different types 231 00:07:56,610 --> 00:08:00,990 of IPv4 data flows like unicast, multicast, and broadcast. 232 00:08:00,990 --> 00:08:03,780 After that, we'll cover how IPv4 addresses are assigned 233 00:08:03,780 --> 00:08:04,980 to our client devices, 234 00:08:04,980 --> 00:08:07,350 and then we'll be discussing computer mathematics 235 00:08:07,350 --> 00:08:08,850 where you'll learn how to do conversions 236 00:08:08,850 --> 00:08:12,000 from binary to decimal and decimal to binary. 237 00:08:12,000 --> 00:08:13,800 Next, we'll explore the world of subnetting, 238 00:08:13,800 --> 00:08:15,420 and as we do this, we're going to start out 239 00:08:15,420 --> 00:08:18,090 by learning the actual method of doing it, using mathematics 240 00:08:18,090 --> 00:08:20,310 and pens and paper to do these math problems 241 00:08:20,310 --> 00:08:21,720 and calculate our subnets, 242 00:08:21,720 --> 00:08:23,850 as well as performing a few practice problems together 243 00:08:23,850 --> 00:08:26,520 so you can verify you've learned how to do it properly. 244 00:08:26,520 --> 00:08:27,960 Now, this will allow you to be able to calculate 245 00:08:27,960 --> 00:08:29,730 a proper subnet, a network address, 246 00:08:29,730 --> 00:08:32,190 and a broadcast address for a given subnet. 247 00:08:32,190 --> 00:08:34,140 I'll then show you my infamous shortcut 248 00:08:34,140 --> 00:08:35,820 for doing subnet problems by learning how 249 00:08:35,820 --> 00:08:38,370 to count on your hands instead of relying on long 250 00:08:38,370 --> 00:08:40,350 and drawn-out math problems like we're going to do 251 00:08:40,350 --> 00:08:42,210 when we calculate our subnet values. 252 00:08:42,210 --> 00:08:43,860 This will save you a lot of time on the exam 253 00:08:43,860 --> 00:08:45,060 if you learn my method, 254 00:08:45,060 --> 00:08:47,130 but it's important you learn the real way first 255 00:08:47,130 --> 00:08:49,110 using math so that the hand method 256 00:08:49,110 --> 00:08:50,760 will make a lot more sense to you. 257 00:08:50,760 --> 00:08:53,430 Now, subnetting is an area that many students struggle with, 258 00:08:53,430 --> 00:08:55,560 so I'm going to be spending several lessons on subnetting 259 00:08:55,560 --> 00:08:56,970 to ensure you can successfully enter 260 00:08:56,970 --> 00:08:59,370 any subnetting questions on your exam. 261 00:08:59,370 --> 00:09:02,160 After that, we'll discuss the newest type of IP addressing, 262 00:09:02,160 --> 00:09:04,410 which is internet protocol version 6, 263 00:09:04,410 --> 00:09:06,420 internet protocol version 6 is going to use 264 00:09:06,420 --> 00:09:09,000 128 bit address scheme to increase the number 265 00:09:09,000 --> 00:09:12,030 of available IP addresses over the older IP version 4 266 00:09:12,030 --> 00:09:14,040 addressing system that's only going to be used 267 00:09:14,040 --> 00:09:16,080 with a 32 bit address scheme. 268 00:09:16,080 --> 00:09:17,910 Then we'll cover the different data flows 269 00:09:17,910 --> 00:09:19,230 used in IP version 6, 270 00:09:19,230 --> 00:09:22,050 including unicast, multicast, and anycast. 271 00:09:22,050 --> 00:09:23,730 And next we'll be discussing the differences 272 00:09:23,730 --> 00:09:26,640 between IPv4 and IPv6, as well as discussing 273 00:09:26,640 --> 00:09:28,350 how we can use tunneling, dual stack, 274 00:09:28,350 --> 00:09:30,690 and NAT64 to provide compatibility 275 00:09:30,690 --> 00:09:34,260 between the older IPv4 and the newer IPv6. 276 00:09:34,260 --> 00:09:36,450 Finally, we'll take a short quiz to see what you learned 277 00:09:36,450 --> 00:09:37,650 during this section of the course 278 00:09:37,650 --> 00:09:39,300 and review your answers to ensure you know 279 00:09:39,300 --> 00:09:40,530 why the right answers were right 280 00:09:40,530 --> 00:09:42,060 and the wrong answers were wrong. 281 00:09:42,060 --> 00:09:44,580 So if you're ready, let's get started with our coverage 282 00:09:44,580 --> 00:09:46,930 of IP addressing in this section of the course.