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In this lesson,

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we're going to focus

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on the different types of social engineering attacks,

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including phishing,

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tailgating,

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piggybacking,

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shoulder surfing,

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eavesdropping,

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and dumpster diving.

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Now, before we get into the specific attacks,

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let's define social engineering.

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Social engineering is any attempt to manipulate users

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into revealing confidential information

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or performing other actions

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that are detrimental to that user

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or the security of our systems.

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Social engineering is always focused on the human element

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and trying to find a way

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to bypass our systems technical controls

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by simply hacking the human

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instead of hacking the technology.

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For example, if I wanted to break into your wireless network

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and I found that you had implemented a long, strong password

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for your WPA2-AES encrypted network,

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it could take me years upon years

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to brute force that password.

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But if I instead figure out a way to trick you or your users

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into sharing that password with me,

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I might be able to access the network by the end of the day.

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That's the idea of social engineering.

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In most of our networks,

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the weakest link in our security

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is our end users and our employees.

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This is why conducting good end user cybersecurity training

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is so important to the security of your organization.

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So, let's take a look at a few social engineering attacks.

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The first one we have is phishing.

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A phishing attack occurs

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when an attacker sends an email

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in an attempt to get a user to click a link.

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For example, if an attacker is going to send an email

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claiming there from PayPal

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and asking you to confirm your account information,

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this is a prime example of a phishing attack.

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In this example, the attacker may include PayPal's logo,

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the same format that PayPal uses in their emails normally,

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and other things that make it appear legitimate.

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But if you or your users click on that link,

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it would instead take you to a PayPal login page

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hosted on the attacker site

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where they're going to try to get you to log in

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by entering your username and your password,

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and now, they have your account details

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and can steal any money you may have in your account.

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Now, how many people do you think fall for this?

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Well, you'd actually be really surprised

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because the answer is a lot of people.

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In phishing attempts

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that I've done as part of a penetration test,

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I've personally seen response rates

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as high as 60% or 70% of users

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clicking the links inside those emails.

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Even when I include things like bad grammar,

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poor spelling,

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improper logos,

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and other things like that,

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users still end up clicking the links

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at a rate about 30% to 40%.

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This means phishing works really well for an attacker

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and it's really hard for us to prevent.

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Now, phishing is a bad thing.

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And the best thing you can do to prevent it

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is really train all of your end users

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and make them aware of it.

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Now, phishing itself takes one of three forms.

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This is either known as phishing,

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spear phishing,

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or whaling phish.

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In phishing,

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this is the most broad type of these three.

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In a phishing campaign,

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an attacker isn't really targeting

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any particular person or group,

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but instead sends out emails.

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They're likely to capture the most people.

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For example, the PayPal phishing email I mentioned earlier

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is a great form of phishing

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because there's over 377 million users of PayPal.

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So, if I just sent out that email

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to every email address I had,

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most likely,

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a lot of those people are going to have PayPal accounts

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and they'll possibly click the links in my email.

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Spearfishing, on the other hand, is more targeted.

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For example,

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let's pretend that you are a member of a small local bank

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called DT Savings and Loan.

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Now, unfortunately, DT Savings and Loan

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had a data breach last year,

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and that resulted in all the names and emails

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of all their account holders

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being downloaded by that attacker.

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That list is now on the dark web.

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Now, an enterprising young hacker

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decides to craft a spear phishing email

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that targets a hundred of the users on that list.

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In that email they create,

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they pretend to be from DT Savings and Loan,

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and they only send this email to people they know

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have accounts at DT Savings and Loan.

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You see the difference?

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Instead of trying to send the email to a million people

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and hoping some of them have a PayPal account,

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instead, we are now targeting people we know

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have a banking relationship

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with DT Savings and Load.

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The final type of phishing we have is known as whaling.

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Whaling is like spearfishing,

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but it's focused on key executives within an organization,

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such as your CEO, COO, CFO, CIO,

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and many other key leaders, executives, and managers

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within your company.

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Now, the second type of social engineering attack we have

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is known as tailgating.

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Tailgating is going to occur

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when an attacker attempts to enter a secure portion

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of the organization's building

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by following an authorized person

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into that area

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without their knowledge or consent.

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For example,

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if I just went up to the server room door

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and I swiped my access badge

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and I entered my pin,

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the door would beep and unlock

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and I can walk in

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because I'm part of the authorized personnel list.

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Now, as I open the door and walk through,

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but before the door shuts behind me,

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somebody could sneak in

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and get in there without my knowledge.

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That would be tailgating.

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For this reason,

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you should always train your employees

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to pull the door shut behind them

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and not simply walk away

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in hopes that force of gravity

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is going to shut the door for them.

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Now, the other side of this is known as piggybacking.

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This is something that is similar to tailgating,

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but it occurs with the employee's knowledge or consent.

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Now, piggybacking might occur

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when an attacker walks up to a secure area

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carrying a bunch of boxes,

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and they ask somebody to nicely open the door for them

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because their hands are full.

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If the employee, trying to be nice,

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opens the door and lets the attacker walk into the building,

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this is known as piggybacking

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because two people are entering on one swipe

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of the employee's access card.

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The next social engineering attack we have to talk about

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is known as shoulder surfing.

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Now, shoulder surfing occurs

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when attacker comes up behind an employee

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and tries to use direct observation

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to obtain authentication information.

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For example, you're sitting at your desk

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and you're logging into your computer in the morning.

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If I were to walk up near you

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and look over your should as you typed in your password,

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I might see your fingers start going

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P-A-S-S-W-O-R-D, password.

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Now, I know what your password is.

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Now, this is the idea of shoulder surfing

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because I'd looked at your hands as you were doing it.

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Now, usually it won't be as obvious

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as me standing right behind you

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and looking over your shoulder,

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but it can take a lot of different forms.

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Maybe I work at the desk next to yours

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and I glance over your computer screen

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and I see your bank balance or your credit card number

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or something like that.

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Any kind of information that someone's able to see

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that they're not really authorized to see

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could be gained using shoulder surfing.

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In the same way,

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I can use my eyes to conduct shoulder surfing.

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I can also use my ears to conduct eavesdropping.

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Now, maybe I'm going to stand around

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while you're talking with your boss,

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and I overhear you telling him some information

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about the projections

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from next quarter's profits.

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By listening to your conversation

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and doing that direct observation with my ears,

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I'm now able to listen in on that conversation

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and get the information that I might want to get.

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The final method of social engineering we have

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is known as dumpster diving.

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Now, dumpster diving occurs

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when an attacker actually scavenges

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for personal or confidential information

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inside the garbage or recycling containers.

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Yes, I know it sounds dirty.

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But guess what?

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This works really well.

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And so, hackers are willing to do it

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because they will find some really great information

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inside those dumpsters.

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If the attacker needs to break into an organization,

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they're first going to look through your trash for clues.

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For example, maybe, I can perform dumpster diving

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against an organization

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before I do a pen test.

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And from there, I can find a phone list.

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Now, I have people's names and their positions

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and their phone numbers,

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and maybe even their emails.

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All of this is great information for me to use.

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So, how do you prevent an attacker

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from gaining access to your information

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using dumpster diving?

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Well, you either need to shred your paperwork

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prior to throwing it away

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using a crosscut shredder,

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or you need to use a locked trash can

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that only your organization

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and the waste management company

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have access to.