1 00:00:00,090 --> 00:00:01,920 In this lesson, we're going to do a quick review 2 00:00:01,920 --> 00:00:04,110 of the different specifications, limitations, 3 00:00:04,110 --> 00:00:07,380 considerations, and applications of network cables. 4 00:00:07,380 --> 00:00:09,780 First, let's consider the different specifications 5 00:00:09,780 --> 00:00:11,460 and limitations of our twisted pair 6 00:00:11,460 --> 00:00:15,210 of copper cables in terms of throughput, speed and distance. 7 00:00:15,210 --> 00:00:17,190 CAT 5, also known as fast ethernet 8 00:00:17,190 --> 00:00:20,880 or 100BASE-TX operates at 100 megabits per second 9 00:00:20,880 --> 00:00:23,070 at distance of up to a hundred meters. 10 00:00:23,070 --> 00:00:25,410 CAT 5e known as gigabit ethernet, 11 00:00:25,410 --> 00:00:29,100 or 1000BASE-T operates at 1000 megabits per second, 12 00:00:29,100 --> 00:00:33,390 or one gigabit per second at distance of up to 100 meters. 13 00:00:33,390 --> 00:00:37,320 CAT 6, also known as 1000BASE-T or 10GBASE-T 14 00:00:37,320 --> 00:00:39,510 can operate at 1000 megabits per second, 15 00:00:39,510 --> 00:00:41,820 or one gigabit per second at a distance up 16 00:00:41,820 --> 00:00:44,550 to a hundred meters, or it can reach speeds 17 00:00:44,550 --> 00:00:48,840 of 10 gigabits per second at a distance of up to 55 meters. 18 00:00:48,840 --> 00:00:52,770 Cat 6a and CAT 7 are also known as 10GBASE-T, 19 00:00:52,770 --> 00:00:55,440 and both of these operate at 10 gigabits per second 20 00:00:55,440 --> 00:00:57,780 at distance of up to a hundred meters. 21 00:00:57,780 --> 00:01:00,930 CAT 8 is also known as 40GBASE-T, 22 00:01:00,930 --> 00:01:03,600 and it operates at 40 gigabits per second at distance 23 00:01:03,600 --> 00:01:05,370 of up to 30 meters. 24 00:01:05,370 --> 00:01:07,890 Alright, let's consider the different specifications 25 00:01:07,890 --> 00:01:09,750 and limitations of our coaxial 26 00:01:09,750 --> 00:01:11,460 and twinaxial copper cables 27 00:01:11,460 --> 00:01:13,110 in terms of throughput, speed 28 00:01:13,110 --> 00:01:16,230 and distance, coaxial cables can support speeds of up 29 00:01:16,230 --> 00:01:18,480 to a hundred megabits per second at a distance of up 30 00:01:18,480 --> 00:01:21,390 to 500 meters when using ethernet. 31 00:01:21,390 --> 00:01:24,067 Now, coaxial cables can offer us this longer distance 32 00:01:24,067 --> 00:01:25,950 over a twisted pair cable, 33 00:01:25,950 --> 00:01:27,960 but they can't reach the higher speeds 34 00:01:27,960 --> 00:01:29,910 that twisted pair cables can reach in our modern 35 00:01:29,910 --> 00:01:30,930 networks. 36 00:01:30,930 --> 00:01:33,900 Twinaxial cables though can support higher speeds of up 37 00:01:33,900 --> 00:01:35,550 to 10 gigabits per second, 38 00:01:35,550 --> 00:01:37,110 but they're limited to a distance 39 00:01:37,110 --> 00:01:39,240 of only five meters or less. 40 00:01:39,240 --> 00:01:41,910 Newer twinaxial cables can also increase their speeds up 41 00:01:41,910 --> 00:01:44,550 to 100 gigabits per second at a maximum 42 00:01:44,550 --> 00:01:46,230 distance of seven meters. 43 00:01:46,230 --> 00:01:49,080 But again, these are not mainstream in use yet. 44 00:01:49,080 --> 00:01:51,420 Next, let's consider the different specifications 45 00:01:51,420 --> 00:01:53,460 and limitations of our fiber cables, 46 00:01:53,460 --> 00:01:54,960 in terms of throughput, speed 47 00:01:54,960 --> 00:01:59,040 and distance, 100BASE-FX operates at 100 megabits per 48 00:01:59,040 --> 00:02:00,330 second at distance of up 49 00:02:00,330 --> 00:02:03,450 to two kilometers using a multimode fiber. 50 00:02:03,450 --> 00:02:07,170 100BASE-SX is going to operate at 100 megabits per second 51 00:02:07,170 --> 00:02:11,100 at distance of up to 300 meters using a multimode fiber. 52 00:02:11,100 --> 00:02:14,580 1000BASE-SX is going to operate at 1000 megabits per second 53 00:02:14,580 --> 00:02:18,570 or one gigabit per second for distance of up to 220 meters 54 00:02:18,570 --> 00:02:22,050 to 500 meters or more using a multimode fiber. 55 00:02:22,050 --> 00:02:25,560 1000BASE-LX is going to operate at 1000 megabits per second 56 00:02:25,560 --> 00:02:28,020 or one gigabit per second at a distance of up 57 00:02:28,020 --> 00:02:31,050 to 550 meters using a multimode fiber 58 00:02:31,050 --> 00:02:32,490 and up to five kilometers 59 00:02:32,490 --> 00:02:34,620 if we're using a single mode fiber, 60 00:02:34,620 --> 00:02:38,580 now 10GBASE-SR is going to operate at 10 gigabits per second 61 00:02:38,580 --> 00:02:41,933 at distance of up to 400 meters using a multimode fiber. 62 00:02:41,933 --> 00:02:46,140 10GBASE-LR is going to operate at 10 gigabits per second 63 00:02:46,140 --> 00:02:47,940 at distance of up to 10 kilometers 64 00:02:47,940 --> 00:02:50,040 using a single mode fiber. 65 00:02:50,040 --> 00:02:53,250 Next, we need to discuss some cable considerations such 66 00:02:53,250 --> 00:02:57,150 as shielded versus unshielded and plenum versus riser rated. 67 00:02:57,150 --> 00:02:58,620 First, we have two types of 68 00:02:58,620 --> 00:03:00,360 twisted pair cable, shielded 69 00:03:00,360 --> 00:03:02,850 and unshielded, at their core, both shielded 70 00:03:02,850 --> 00:03:04,830 and unshielded twisted pair cables are created 71 00:03:04,830 --> 00:03:06,420 the exact same way. 72 00:03:06,420 --> 00:03:09,120 The only difference is that shielded twisted pair cables 73 00:03:09,120 --> 00:03:10,590 have each of their individual pairs 74 00:03:10,590 --> 00:03:12,990 of wires wrapped in a foil shielding. 75 00:03:12,990 --> 00:03:15,750 This gives them a little bit more protection from EMI. 76 00:03:15,750 --> 00:03:18,660 Then all four of those wrapped pairs are also wrapped 77 00:03:18,660 --> 00:03:21,840 with another foil layer for some additional protection. 78 00:03:21,840 --> 00:03:24,240 This extra shielding does help protect the shielded twisted 79 00:03:24,240 --> 00:03:26,610 pair cables from electromagnetic interference 80 00:03:26,610 --> 00:03:28,320 and power frequency interruptions, 81 00:03:28,320 --> 00:03:31,110 but it does add cost to it making shielded, 82 00:03:31,110 --> 00:03:34,320 twisted pair more expensive than unshielded twisted pair, 83 00:03:34,320 --> 00:03:35,940 so you really only use it 84 00:03:35,940 --> 00:03:38,490 for specific business cases and applications. 85 00:03:38,490 --> 00:03:40,890 For example, let's say you're running a network inside 86 00:03:40,890 --> 00:03:44,010 of a radio station or an airport, those areas are placed 87 00:03:44,010 --> 00:03:46,290 with a lot of electromagnetic interference, 88 00:03:46,290 --> 00:03:48,914 so you probably want to opt to use shielded twisted pair 89 00:03:48,914 --> 00:03:50,220 to provide the network with 90 00:03:50,220 --> 00:03:52,200 a little bit of extra protection. 91 00:03:52,200 --> 00:03:54,510 Additionally, if you're running a twisted pair network 92 00:03:54,510 --> 00:03:56,670 inside of a factory with heavy machinery 93 00:03:56,670 --> 00:03:58,890 or generators, it's also going to be a good idea 94 00:03:58,890 --> 00:04:00,750 to use shielded twisted pair here 95 00:04:00,750 --> 00:04:03,450 because there's extra frequencies of EMI 96 00:04:03,450 --> 00:04:05,550 that are going to be exposed to your cables. 97 00:04:05,550 --> 00:04:07,620 Now, if you're truly worried about electromagnetic 98 00:04:07,620 --> 00:04:10,290 interference or EMI though it would actually be a better 99 00:04:10,290 --> 00:04:12,630 idea to upgrade to a fiber based network 100 00:04:12,630 --> 00:04:15,420 because fiber cables are truly immune to EMI 101 00:04:15,420 --> 00:04:17,220 because they rely on light signals instead 102 00:04:17,220 --> 00:04:19,829 of electrical impulses to send their data. 103 00:04:19,829 --> 00:04:22,260 Now, unshielded twisted pair of cabling on the other hand, 104 00:04:22,260 --> 00:04:24,960 is also used in a lot of our local area networks 105 00:04:24,960 --> 00:04:28,080 because it's inexpensive, easy to install, lightweight, 106 00:04:28,080 --> 00:04:29,580 and really flexible. 107 00:04:29,580 --> 00:04:31,170 Regardless of whether you're going to use shielded 108 00:04:31,170 --> 00:04:33,780 twisted pair or unshielded twisted pair, you need 109 00:04:33,780 --> 00:04:35,970 to keep your cable lengths under the maximum recommended 110 00:04:35,970 --> 00:04:37,905 length of 100 meters. 111 00:04:37,905 --> 00:04:40,800 Next, we have to think about plenum versus 112 00:04:40,800 --> 00:04:42,300 riser rated cables. 113 00:04:42,300 --> 00:04:44,760 Now, plenum cables are going to be used when the cable is going to 114 00:04:44,760 --> 00:04:46,740 be run in the spaces between the ceiling 115 00:04:46,740 --> 00:04:49,350 and the floor above it, such as where you put your heating 116 00:04:49,350 --> 00:04:50,970 and air conditioning duct work. 117 00:04:50,970 --> 00:04:53,249 Now, these plenum cables have a higher fire rating 118 00:04:53,249 --> 00:04:56,130 and they're designed with fire retardant plastic jackets 119 00:04:56,130 --> 00:04:57,677 that use low smoke PVC 120 00:04:57,677 --> 00:05:01,830 or fluorinated ethanol polymer known as FEP. 121 00:05:01,830 --> 00:05:04,680 Now, usually plenum rated cables are going to be used when 122 00:05:04,680 --> 00:05:06,900 you're running cables horizontally in your building 123 00:05:06,900 --> 00:05:08,700 across a particular level. 124 00:05:08,700 --> 00:05:10,770 Riser cables, on the other hand, are going to be used 125 00:05:10,770 --> 00:05:12,450 to run network cables vertically 126 00:05:12,450 --> 00:05:15,630 between the floors in a building inside a cable riser 127 00:05:15,630 --> 00:05:17,370 or an elevator shaft. 128 00:05:17,370 --> 00:05:20,970 These riser cables are used in non plenum areas as well. 129 00:05:20,970 --> 00:05:23,760 These cables are built with special coatings that allow them 130 00:05:23,760 --> 00:05:24,780 to self extinguish, 131 00:05:24,780 --> 00:05:27,330 and they prevent the flame from burning through the cable 132 00:05:27,330 --> 00:05:29,760 and traveling upwards between the floors. 133 00:05:29,760 --> 00:05:31,980 Now, building codes are specific to the location 134 00:05:31,980 --> 00:05:33,900 of the building itself, and they're going to be determined 135 00:05:33,900 --> 00:05:36,240 by your state or county that you live in. 136 00:05:36,240 --> 00:05:37,860 In general, most fire 137 00:05:37,860 --> 00:05:39,930 and building codes will allow plenum cables 138 00:05:39,930 --> 00:05:42,810 to be used in both plenum and riser spaces, 139 00:05:42,810 --> 00:05:45,990 but riser cables can only be used in the risers 140 00:05:45,990 --> 00:05:47,879 and not in plenum spaces. 141 00:05:47,879 --> 00:05:52,500 This is because riser cables are not made from PVC or FEP, 142 00:05:52,500 --> 00:05:54,690 and therefore they can actually release chemicals 143 00:05:54,690 --> 00:05:57,750 and smoke into the air ducts if they caught fire. 144 00:05:57,750 --> 00:06:00,360 Finally, let's take a look at some cable applications you 145 00:06:00,360 --> 00:06:03,090 may come across when working as a network technician. 146 00:06:03,090 --> 00:06:04,650 These include things like rollover 147 00:06:04,650 --> 00:06:07,050 and console cables, crossover cables, 148 00:06:07,050 --> 00:06:08,910 and power over ethernet. 149 00:06:08,910 --> 00:06:11,250 Now, a rollover or console cable is a type 150 00:06:11,250 --> 00:06:12,960 of null modem cable that's used 151 00:06:12,960 --> 00:06:16,110 to connect a computer terminal to a router's console port. 152 00:06:16,110 --> 00:06:17,790 This cable is typically flat 153 00:06:17,790 --> 00:06:19,190 and has a light blue color to it 154 00:06:19,190 --> 00:06:21,990 to help you distinguish it from other networking cables. 155 00:06:21,990 --> 00:06:25,290 Typically, one side of the cable has an RJ 45 connector 156 00:06:25,290 --> 00:06:27,690 that's used to connect directly to a router's console port. 157 00:06:27,690 --> 00:06:30,090 The other side of the cable traditionally has a DB nine 158 00:06:30,090 --> 00:06:33,150 serial connection that'll connect to a laptop computer. 159 00:06:33,150 --> 00:06:35,210 This specialized cable is used to allow the technician 160 00:06:35,210 --> 00:06:37,020 to directly connect to the router 161 00:06:37,020 --> 00:06:38,932 and make changes to the configuration as a form 162 00:06:38,932 --> 00:06:41,220 of out-of-band communication. 163 00:06:41,220 --> 00:06:44,017 Now, a crossover cable is a special type of network cable 164 00:06:44,017 --> 00:06:46,860 that's used to connect two ethernet devices directly. 165 00:06:46,860 --> 00:06:48,630 So if you have two computers 166 00:06:48,630 --> 00:06:50,490 and you don't have a switch or router between them, 167 00:06:50,490 --> 00:06:52,950 you can use a crossover cable to connect them. 168 00:06:52,950 --> 00:06:54,930 They're also used to send and receive data 169 00:06:54,930 --> 00:06:58,080 by enabling complex data transfers between two computers, 170 00:06:58,080 --> 00:07:00,960 two routers, or two other network devices. 171 00:07:00,960 --> 00:07:02,970 Usually a crossover cable is created 172 00:07:02,970 --> 00:07:07,320 by using a TIA 568 B pinout on one side of the cable 173 00:07:07,320 --> 00:07:11,520 and the TIA 568 A pinout on the other side of the cable. 174 00:07:11,520 --> 00:07:14,070 If you need to connect a computer to a computer, a router 175 00:07:14,070 --> 00:07:16,050 to a router, a switch to a switch, 176 00:07:16,050 --> 00:07:17,854 then you're going to use a crossover cable. 177 00:07:17,854 --> 00:07:20,595 Now finally, we have power over ethernet. 178 00:07:20,595 --> 00:07:23,730 Power over ethernet, or POE is a technology 179 00:07:23,730 --> 00:07:26,610 that passes electrical power over a twisted pair of ethernet 180 00:07:26,610 --> 00:07:28,530 cables to power devices. 181 00:07:28,530 --> 00:07:31,260 Now, this can be done to go to a wireless access point, 182 00:07:31,260 --> 00:07:34,008 an IP camera or VoIP phone to give them data 183 00:07:34,008 --> 00:07:36,277 and power on the same cable. 184 00:07:36,277 --> 00:07:39,150 This enables one cable to give you both data 185 00:07:39,150 --> 00:07:41,730 and electrical power to these power devices instead 186 00:07:41,730 --> 00:07:43,650 of having to have a separate cable for each, 187 00:07:43,650 --> 00:07:45,720 make it really easy to install things like 188 00:07:45,720 --> 00:07:47,550 IP security cameras. 189 00:07:47,550 --> 00:07:49,560 To support power over ethernet, you need 190 00:07:49,560 --> 00:07:51,270 to have at least a category 5E 191 00:07:51,270 --> 00:07:53,430 or better copper twisted pair cable. 192 00:07:53,430 --> 00:07:55,290 Otherwise, it's not going to function right 193 00:07:55,290 --> 00:07:56,910 and it could be dangerous. 194 00:07:56,910 --> 00:08:00,690 Now, power over ethernet can provide 15.4 to 60 watts 195 00:08:00,690 --> 00:08:04,320 of power using two of the twisted pairs inside of the cable, 196 00:08:04,320 --> 00:08:06,630 or you can get 60 to a 100 watts 197 00:08:06,630 --> 00:08:08,370 of power if you're using all four 198 00:08:08,370 --> 00:08:10,380 of the twisted pairs inside of a cable. 199 00:08:10,380 --> 00:08:12,780 Just like other twisted pair cable installations, 200 00:08:12,780 --> 00:08:14,880 power over ethernet can only transmit data 201 00:08:14,880 --> 00:08:18,330 and power up to the maximum distance of 100 meters. 202 00:08:18,330 --> 00:08:20,199 Alright, I know that was a lot of information 203 00:08:20,199 --> 00:08:21,840 and I gave it to you really quick, 204 00:08:21,840 --> 00:08:24,180 but I hope you found this quick review of copper 205 00:08:24,180 --> 00:08:26,500 and fiber cables and all their different specifications, 206 00:08:26,500 --> 00:08:28,710 limitations, considerations, 207 00:08:28,710 --> 00:08:31,660 and applications helpful as you're preparing for your exam.