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Now in this lesson,

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we're going to discuss the various copper cable issues

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that you may experience.

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This includes things like incorrect pinouts,

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bad ports, opens, and shorts.

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First, we have incorrect pinouts.

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If you're testing a twisted pair network connection

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and it isn't working properly,

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the chances are your connections pinout

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is probably incorrect.

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Now, there are a few places the connections pinout

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could be incorrect, including the patch panel,

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the wall jack, or the RJ45 connector itself.

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When you look at the patch panel,

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there's usually going to be a sticker near the punch down block

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that shows you what wire or pin

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should be attached to each connection point

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on that patch panel.

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By default, most patch panels use a TIA-568-B pinout.

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This means we have pins one through eight being connected

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as white/orange, orange, white/green, blue,

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white/blue, green, white/brown and brown.

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If you're having an issue with the connection

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and you suspect the pinout is incorrect,

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you need to visually inspect the back of the patch panel

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and its punch down block to ensure the proper colors

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are being put in the proper pins.

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Now, when you're looking at the back of a wall jack,

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the exact same thing holds true.

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Instead of being shown as pins one through eight

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in a horizontal layout like you might see in a patch panel,

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most wall jacks will usually have four pins

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on one end of the jack and four pins on the other.

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This wall jack is also known as a keystone,

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and it's clearly going to be labeled as pins one through eight

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or visually using color-coded stickers

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or markers for each pin's location.

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Finally, we have our RJ45 connector itself.

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These plastic connectors are used to connect copper pins

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to the inner twisted pair wires of a UTP or STP cable.

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While an RJ45 is not clearly labeled from pin one to eight,

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or with the TIA-568-B color scheme you need,

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you can always visually look at the pins

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and see all eight pins inside the RJ45 connector.

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When you hold up the RJ45 connector

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with a small plastic clip facing downward,

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you can then look at the pins and count them

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from left to right number from one to eight.

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Again, this will ensure that your inner twisted pair wires

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are color coded correctly as white/orange, orange,

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white/green, blue, white/blue, green, white/brown, brown

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when you view it from pin one to pin eight.

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To test the connection or a cable and verify its pinout,

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you can also use a cable tester or a wire mapping tool.

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These tools will test the inner wire

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from your cable or connection

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and ensure they're properly cabled

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from one end to the other.

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If the connection is found to be incorrectly pinned out,

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you can simply disconnect the individual wires,

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restrip the twisted pair cable using a wire stripper

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and re-punch down the wires into the patch panel

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or wall jack, or replace the RJ45 connector on the cable

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until all portions

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are properly using the TIA-568-B wiring standards.

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Next, we have the issue of bad ports in a copper network.

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Each network interface card on a workstation or server

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needs to connect to an ethernet twisted pair network

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is going to have an ethernet port

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that it's going to use and accept an RJ45 connector into.

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If you need to test the ethernet

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port on your network interface card,

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you're going to need to use a loop back plug

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and specialized software.

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This will let you send out data

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and have it returned back in the ethernet port

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and determine if everything's functioning properly.

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If it isn't, you need to replace the network interface card.

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If the network interface card

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is soldered to your motherboard,

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you can then add an expansion card instead

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to replace this broken onboard ethernet port.

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Now, if you suspect a bad port on a switch or a router,

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you need to connect a loop back plug

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to the port on that device

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and run a test using specialized software

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just like you would on a workstation.

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Now, if the port is found to be faulty or bad,

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you can then switch out any connections from that port

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to another available port on the switcher router.

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In the case of a router,

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you may also be able to replace the ethernet port

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by changing out the interface card

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for the router on that slot.

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If not, you're going to have to simply move

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that connection to another available port.

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Finally, we have opens and shorts.

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When you conduct a cable test of a twisted pair connection,

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you may find an open or a short exists

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on that cable connection.

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The result of open is going to occur during a cable test

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if you have nothing on the other end of the connection,

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or if there's some kind of a break in the wires

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between the source and the destination.

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So if I'm conducting a test of a cable from a patch panel

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to the wall jack over a patch cable into my tester

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and reports is open, that means somewhere

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in that end-to-end connection.

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It's either disconnected

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or one of those cables has been accidentally cut or broken.

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At that point,

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we're going to need to test each piece of the connection

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to determine where that brake exists.

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For example, I might first test the patch cable,

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and if that's successful,

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I know that the problem isn't my patch cable,

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and instead I'm going to look at the patch panel connection

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or the wall jack connection.

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The opposite of an open is considered a short.

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Now, a short indicates that two wires are connected together

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somewhere in that connection.

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Usually this occurs when a cable is poorly made

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or two of the inner twisted pair wires

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accidentally touching each other

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in a single pin of an RJ45 connector.

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If you're experiencing a shorten your connection,

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you should rewire the RJ45 connection

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at the end of the cable,

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as this is usually going to be the source of your problem.

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If this doesn't fix it,

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then you need to physically examine the entire cable

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to see if it's been damaged

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somewhere in the middle of that cable run.

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Alternatively, you can simply replace the cable

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with a known good cable, and this can also solve your issue.

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If you need a test for incorrect pin outs,

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opens and shorts a good cable tester, a cable certifier,

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or a wire mapping tool will be the key to your success.

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If you're testing for a bad port,

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then a loop back adapter or a loop back plug

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is going to be the tool to use.

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Remember, for the exam,

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it's important to understand

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which tool you might need to use

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to troubleshoot different cable connectivity issues.