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Hello and welcome back to the Kelly Wallace certified pen test, your third Cup series.

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We're going to talk about some Linux essentials or Linux fundamentals.

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We're going to talk about important Linux fundamentals because Linux is at the core of ethical hacking.

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If you want to be good at calling Linux, you must learn Linux.

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The same could also be said of cyber security and system administration or network administration.

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There are so many jobs that use names or so many things that use Linux, so many scripts, so many programs,

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so many servers, so many tools that use Linux.

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Many of the security tools and pen testing tools run on only Linux or are made specifically for Linux

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or run better on Linux.

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So that's one of the major reasons to learn Linux fundamentals.

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Linux also powers the cloud, so it can be important for that application as well.

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This is our outline.

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We're going to talk about the women's file system.

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We're going to talk about Linux file system folders.

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We'll talk about the command line command line basics.

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So Linux is based on the old Unix file structure, too.

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So we'll look at the various Linux system folders and files that are contained there.

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We'll also go over the command line and several the command line basics.

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And we'll even throw in a few other bonus commands at the end of the module.

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This is the Florida chapter.

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So we'll look at the different unifying file systems for Linux, the command line, and also important

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commands you should know.

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So if you knew the Linux command line, you may find yourself wondering why there are so many unusual

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directories, what they're there for, why things are organized the way that they are.

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In fact, if you're not used to how Linux organizes files, the directories can seem pretty much arbitrary

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with strangely truncated names, in many cases even redundant names.

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Turns out there is a method to the madness based on decades of Unix conventions, though each Linux

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distribution has its own quirks a majority conform for the most part with the file system, hierarchy,

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standard or FH, as the FHC Project began in 1993.

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And the goal was to come to a consensus on how directory should be organized and which files should

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be stored where.

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So the distributions can have a single reference point from which to work.

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A lot of decisions were made.

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About the directory structure and they were based on the traditional UNIX directory structures with

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a focus more on servers rather than individual desktop users.

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So and also the assumption that disk space was at a premium, so machines would likely have multiple

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hard drives.

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So Lennox uses the file system hierarchy standard or F as.

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So these are the different owners.

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This is not an all inclusive list, but this is a good chunk of them.

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So first we have the bin or the slash bin and slash SBN slash bin and slash SBN directories are intended

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for storing binary executable files, both directory store executables that are considered essential

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for booting the system like the Mount Command.

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So if you want to mount other folders and external devices, the main difference between these directories

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is that the slash s-pen.

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Directory is intended for system binaries or binaries that the administrators will use to manage the

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system.

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Slash boot directory.

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This stores all the bootloader files, which is typically only grub, the Grand Unified Bootloader kernel

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files and init runtime name and files.

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It's often treated as a separate small partition so that the bootloader can read it more easily with

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slash boot on a separate partition.

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Your root file system can be used for more sophisticated features that require kernel level support,

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whether it's an exotic file system, disk encryption or logical volume management.

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LLVM.

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Then we have the SC directory which will probably spend a lot more of your time.

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The Etsy directory is intended for storing system configuration files.

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So if you're looking for a service or change some type of networking process or other course settings,

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Etsy is the first place to look.

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It's also smaller and easier to backup directory that contains most of the customizations you might

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make to your system or your computer at the system level.

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So let's go ahead and look at the Etsy directory.

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So I notice in here we've got a lot of different things if we can get it out to the screen.

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So we've got Pearl, we've got PHP, we've got Python, we've got the nocturnal network manager is here.

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We have the mice duo.

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We have log logging definitions.

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We have the the kernel.

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We have the first tab file.

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Lots of different things here, the Chrome tab.

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So if you want to run a particular recurring tasks and jobs in your system.

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And of course we have the Apache.

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As well as the chromium browser, the lots of files in Etsy.

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Let's look at

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the bin directory.

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We can see different binary files.

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Here are the different domain.

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A lot of the commands you might type like Who am I with?

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Wireshark.

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Update commands.

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Traceroute.

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Lots of different things are in this folder.

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Then we have the SBN folder.

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So a little bit different, but very similar stuff.

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So let's talk now about the Home Directory.

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So this is the location on the Linux system where the personal files are stored.

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So each directory under home is named after a particular user's name and is owned by that user on a

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server.

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These directories might even store the email, assets, keys or even services that are running on certain

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ports.

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On desktop systems, your home directory is probably the main directory where users will interact.

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So any desktop settings, pictures, media documents or other files users need to end up being stored

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in their home directory.

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It's one of the most important directories to back up, and it's often a directory that's given its

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own partition.

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Are giving home its own partition.

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You can experiment with different Linux distributions and reinstall the complete system on a separate

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partition.

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When you mount the home partition, all your files and settings are right where you left them.

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So let's look at the home directory briefly.

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So we've got Kelly, which is the default account and we have user one end user, too.

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So let's look at Kelly.

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The screen and there's the home directory.

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We can see the bash, our C file.

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We can see the a few other important files.

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Your documents folder, your downloads, your desktop.

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Things like any session hours you might have.

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So that's the home directory.

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Then you have the lib directory or the library directory, the stores essential shared libraries that

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the slash men and women need to be able to run.

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This is also the directory where any kernel modules are stored.

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So another directory we have is the US directory or the slash units are rectory.

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This is stood for both UNIX source repository and also UNIX system resources.

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So this is typically when you install additional software from your distribution, its binaries, libraries

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and supporting files.

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They go here in the U.S. or been or use our SBN directory and sometimes the US r slash lib directory.

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When storage was at a premium, you would often mount this directory separately on a larger disk so

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you could grow it independently as you added new software.

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So let's briefly look at these directories.

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There's a slash lib directory at the system D, but different versions of python postgresql.

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Network time protocol libraries as your kernel modules.

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As the US slash bin directory.

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So if you got your pin.

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Your pin command.

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Among other things, and you have your OPPT directory.

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So the debates between us are slash local and OPPT or something interesting.

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They've been back and forth.

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Essentially, both directories serve the same purpose, providing a place for users to install software

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outside their distributions.

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So the OP directory organizes a little bit differently.

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It stores binaries in libraries in a shared directory.

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So then you have the slash route directory, which is where the administrators personal files are.

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It's owned and readable only by the user, and it's designed otherwise to function much like a home

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directory.

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But for files and settings the route user needs.

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Many systems will disable the root user in favor of using sudo to get superuser privileges.

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So this directory isn't used nearly as much.

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And then you have the slash var directory, which is the place where a lot of your logged spaces are

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stored.

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A lot of variables that you might need by certain daemons.

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So classic UNIX servers help this space that are premium and the bar directory was designed for storing

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files that might vary wildly in size or might get written to frequently.

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Unlike with slash user, which is read only the bar directory most definitely has to be rideable because

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you're going to find log files, mail server information, or anything else that might come and go or

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otherwise need to grow in size in unpredictable ways.

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So at least with servers, if you had to pick a route level directory to put a large disk on the VAR

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directory, it would be the first on the list.

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And you want you want to have a drive that's better optimized for heavy rights.

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So then we have the slash DV directory.

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This is for device files, essentially unix, everything as a file.

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So even your hardware ends up in the file.

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So then we have mount and media file.

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So Mount and media are more going to be used if you're adding a USB drive or a network file, share

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mount or some other source, you need a place for them to go.

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So the mount used to be a catchall for any amount of disk, didn't have anywhere else to go, but typically

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now you want to use that for more network file shares.

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The slash media directory is more for those things that are going to be mounted temporarily, like CD-ROMs,

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USB drives and so on.

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So the starting point of the hierarchical tree for the file system is called root, which is represented

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by the slash character.

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So the directory can of course obtain or contain subdirectories when it has only one root hierarchy

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and it can integrate data from several disks.

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But one of these just becomes the root and the others are mounted on directories in a hierarchy.

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So mounting is essentially attaching an additional file system to a currently accessible computer.

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And the different types of file systems or the hierarchical file systems are the next to the Z three

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Annex D for the EC2 or second extended file systems.

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The system for the Linux kernel.

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It was designed by Remy Card as a replacement for the extended file system original.

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Then we also have the Windows file system or the empty file system.

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Which stores?

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In a particular format is a proprietary Microsoft proprietary journaling system and has been around

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since Windows 90 and is the default file system of Windows.

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It is supported in other desktop environments and server operating systems as well.

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Linux and BSD also have a free and open source NTFS driver.

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Which is called NTFS dash 3G, which has read and write functionality.

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Mac OS does come with a read only support for NTFS.

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So because write support is not stable most of the time, if you put an end to best drive in a mac,

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you will not be able to write to it, although you will be able to read from.

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So when Linux creates essentially a new partition for every device or distance attached and it will

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typically mount mount under HDTV, slash SD one or slash SD eight to.

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So let's talk about the command line.

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So the command line in Linux is the terminal or the terminal interface.

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And it can vary from distro to distro.

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So from the Linux console, originally, the console was actually a terminal plugged into a computer.

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It provided an interface that was used to configure and control the computer and view the messages from

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the operating system.

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So in a Linux server first boots, it prints out status messages to the console.

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So when you never seen that startup script, that text that comes before your operating system boots,

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that's your terminal.

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So essentially when you're interacting with your server, you're connecting that terminal to a program

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running in the console.

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So let's take a look at the Linux terminal and Kali Linux.

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So if we open up our Kelly Linux distribution

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and we already had a terminal open from looking at the file system, but let's go ahead and close it

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down and exit out.

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They've actually changed it now, so we're used to close it now.

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There's a different type of command and that does happen sometimes and there are some shortcuts on certain

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life distributions to be able to get to the the terminal.

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Or we can click on the icon or we can create it here.

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So this is essentially the terminal as most people use it.

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It might be called ICS term or some other other thing in that case.

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So.

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The command line is essentially your Linux shell or your Linux terminal.

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So the default shell provided in Linux is bash.

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So the bash commands or the bash shell.

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If you see a dollar sign, that usually means that you're in a user session.

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If you see the pound sign, that means you are route.

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So let's go in and look at our colleague Linux.

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Notice there is a dollar sign in this case.

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So I'm going to go ahead and.

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Zoom in so it can be seen a little better.

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So we're going to pull my command so that I'm currently logged in as the calling user and we can see

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who's actually logged in.

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What's the debris command or the who command?

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Basically the same kind of thing.

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If we want to sudo to root, we have to type in the password.

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Our prompt changed to a symbol.

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So that means we can now enter commands as an administrator or a root user.

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So essentially if you're typing in a command into that terminal are connected to a Linux server, you're

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essentially telling that Shell to run that program and print out whatever output it sends to the screen.

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So it's always important to be aware of what level of permission you have in the shell, because the

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only way to run commands as route has to be done via the command line.

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So let's talk about some other command line basics and penetration tests.

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You're most likely have show access only after a successful exploit rather than a graphical user interface,

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especially if you're dealing with a cloud based server.

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The cloud server may not even have a gooey interface at all.

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So becoming proficient with the command line is essential for you to be successful as a security professional.

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And of course, as we've mentioned, the command line in Linux is called the terminal.

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And you can also open up a terminal with the control and t shortcut on the keyboard.

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Charlie, of course, uses the bash file and it's hidden by default.

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Notice that there's a period in front of it.

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So if you just type, if you go into the directory here and we just type else notice there's no files.

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But if we do a last minute shows us the hidden files and the bash dot RC and the bash dot original so

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it can fit the bash.

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The RC is the configuration file.

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So add that to the screen.

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We can see different variables that have been declared and different functions.

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And so if we want certain commands to have aliases instead of having to type the full command, you

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can do that here.

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So the bass shell stands for the Born Again Shell, which is just a type of interpreter that processes

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commands.

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There are other kinds of shells, but Bash is the improved version of the shell, which is the born

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shell, the original version.

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So Shell scripting is how we write programs.

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For the terminal to execute the command line can be used for anything on call, including triggering

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an application, checking for network statuses or any other activity that can be done using the graphical

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user interface.

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So there's some basic Linux commands we want to understand to be successful with the command line or

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be proficient with the command line.

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All right, let's talk about some more basic Lennox commands.

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We've got PWT, which stands for print or present working directory.

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And Peter actually will show you the user in which directory they're currently working on.

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And we have.

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Also the last command to show what files in the directory you're in.

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So if you're.

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I'll switch over to our Linux desktop here.

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And it clear the screen and print it and we'll see.

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I'm currently in the home directory.

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If we go to the main page, we can print the logical name.

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We can print version information.

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Just a basic man.

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And of course the US command, if you just, you else was nothing else, you know, just give you all

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the non system or non hidden directories if you do ls dash l you get a little bit of a different view.

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00:24:00,800 --> 00:24:07,490
You actually can see the bits that are set for permission in Linux, so you can see if it's a D in front

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of it.

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It's a directory.

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If you do ls dash l a you get all the hidden directories and the hidden directories actually have a

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period in front of them and you'll see.

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They have different bits which we'll get into later when we get permissions.

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But less is useful because it helps you list the file structure and if you forget how to use it, you

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00:24:29,850 --> 00:24:34,260
can do the main page and it stands for List Directory Contents.

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You can have it list by columns if you want to do list, see,

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so you can have it display in different modes.

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You can have it.

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Do you grouping directories together?

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You can format in certain ways.

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One of the different options you actually also have it print out the elements which can be useful if

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you're doing.

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Certain storage operations.

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All right, let's go and switch back over to the slide deck.

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And so that's Peter Beattie.

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Unless very important, Peter Beattie is actually environment variable which stores the path of the

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current directory.

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So let's go ahead and do this if we do.

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Echo dollar TWD.

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00:25:34,210 --> 00:25:35,620
It will actually do the same thing.

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00:25:41,790 --> 00:25:44,790
So let's talk about the CD command and the change directory command.

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00:25:45,270 --> 00:25:48,540
This is one of the most important and widely used commands in Linux.

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Do you want to change to another folder?

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Sure.

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00:25:52,530 --> 00:25:54,730
And they want to go to the downloads directory.

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You can type CD space downloads or CD space the full path of the directory.

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00:26:02,650 --> 00:26:08,260
See is essentially in some ways the only way to check a log on headless servers.

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00:26:08,950 --> 00:26:13,510
So for newbies, it's one of those initial commands that you'll get your hands dirty with, or it's

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00:26:13,510 --> 00:26:17,800
very much similar to the CD command on Windows.

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00:26:18,880 --> 00:26:25,870
We also have the M, R and R MDR or the make directory and remove directory commands.

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00:26:26,170 --> 00:26:32,410
So if you want to create a folder and also remove folder, you can use these commands so you can create

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multiple directories at once.

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You can also set permissions for those directories.

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So it's important to know that when you're a user executing that command, you have to have the right

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00:26:43,030 --> 00:26:49,450
permissions in the parent directory, or you also might get a permission denied error.

301
00:26:49,600 --> 00:26:51,370
So let's go back over to our Linux.

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Box.

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And we'll go ahead and make directory.

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Let's actually.

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We'll call it new underscore.

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Directory.

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00:27:07,500 --> 00:27:11,160
Let's say make directory new underscore directory to.

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00:27:12,440 --> 00:27:14,840
New Underscore Directory three.

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00:27:17,440 --> 00:27:20,560
So we can make multiple directories and we do the LS command.

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We'll see that all the directories have been created.

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00:27:23,440 --> 00:27:26,400
Now what if we want to remove the directory from D.R.?

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00:27:26,770 --> 00:27:29,320
Let's say we want to remove directory number three.

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00:27:30,880 --> 00:27:34,210
Now we can do tap completion to partially complete the command.

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00:27:35,110 --> 00:27:40,390
And if we do the command again, notice that that new directory is actually removed.

315
00:27:43,010 --> 00:27:45,890
So make directory and remove directory are important.

316
00:27:46,610 --> 00:27:50,600
Let's look at the main pages so you can actually set arguments.

317
00:27:51,320 --> 00:27:53,150
You can set it to verbose mode.

318
00:27:53,150 --> 00:27:56,240
If you want a message, run it for each directory.

319
00:27:59,660 --> 00:28:05,960
You can also integrate with Linux, the security enhanced Linux, or you can just output the version

320
00:28:05,960 --> 00:28:06,650
information.

321
00:28:26,440 --> 00:28:29,800
So we'll create a new directory for.

322
00:28:31,770 --> 00:28:34,290
And it gave us kind of a running log of what's going on.

323
00:28:38,160 --> 00:28:40,030
Should be dashed like.

324
00:28:42,470 --> 00:28:43,050
There you go.

325
00:28:43,070 --> 00:28:49,040
So you can see that this software is also licensed under the GM GPL license.

326
00:28:50,410 --> 00:28:52,180
And it tells you a little bit about who wrote it.

327
00:28:54,160 --> 00:28:57,550
So that's CD and make directory in our movie directory.

328
00:28:57,940 --> 00:28:59,330
Now let's look at the arm command.

329
00:28:59,350 --> 00:29:01,000
If you want to delete files.

330
00:29:03,590 --> 00:29:05,180
You can delete individual files.

331
00:29:05,240 --> 00:29:06,230
Let's go ahead and.

332
00:29:08,640 --> 00:29:10,500
Look at the files we have here.

333
00:29:11,310 --> 00:29:13,530
Let's go ahead and make a new text file.

334
00:29:18,810 --> 00:29:21,570
Say, This is my new text.

335
00:29:23,020 --> 00:29:37,780
File and I'm super excited to be learning Kali Linux pen testing, distribution and escape.

336
00:29:38,020 --> 00:29:38,890
I'm going to write with.

337
00:29:40,520 --> 00:29:43,880
Clear the screen and we're going to see that we now have a new text file.

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00:29:44,420 --> 00:29:45,170
We have new text.

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00:29:45,320 --> 00:29:49,070
Text, and we can actually just remove that individual file.

340
00:29:53,830 --> 00:29:55,660
And we see that the file is now gone.

341
00:29:56,680 --> 00:29:58,780
If you want to remove dash are.

342
00:30:02,310 --> 00:30:04,110
And we want to remove that new directory.

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00:30:07,480 --> 00:30:09,670
Notice that the new directory is now gone.

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00:30:09,910 --> 00:30:12,820
Anything that was under it will also get removed.

345
00:30:12,820 --> 00:30:14,590
So be careful with it or remove command.

346
00:30:15,040 --> 00:30:21,460
If you do remove the r f, you can potentially remove recursively.

347
00:30:24,520 --> 00:30:31,210
So our will remove references to objects from the file system where those objects might have had references.

348
00:30:31,660 --> 00:30:38,140
So if you have a file with two different names by default as it is not removed directories generally

349
00:30:38,140 --> 00:30:39,180
it works silently.

350
00:30:39,190 --> 00:30:43,630
So you want to be really careful so you don't delete things as you want to.

351
00:30:45,220 --> 00:30:45,940
Maintain.

352
00:30:46,360 --> 00:30:48,370
So let's talk about the touch command.

353
00:30:49,060 --> 00:30:54,190
So the touch command is used to create a file that can be used to create almost anything from an empty

354
00:30:54,190 --> 00:30:58,180
text file to even a zip file standard Linux Command.

355
00:30:58,180 --> 00:30:59,170
Which is pretty much.

356
00:31:00,230 --> 00:31:01,970
Available with every distribution.

357
00:31:03,220 --> 00:31:06,580
So with the touch command, let's go and look at the man page.

358
00:31:07,750 --> 00:31:10,630
So you can change file timestamps.

359
00:31:11,140 --> 00:31:15,850
So if you do use the touch command, especially if you get into forensics, you want to be careful with

360
00:31:15,850 --> 00:31:19,120
it because you will change the file.

361
00:31:24,460 --> 00:31:31,330
So if we want to touch a new file, we now have a new file.

362
00:31:34,450 --> 00:31:39,940
And so from that we can manually run in the home directory, we can check this with the print working

363
00:31:39,940 --> 00:31:45,700
directory and if we check the last command, we get more details about existing files.

364
00:31:47,350 --> 00:31:49,930
So that's the arm command and the touch command.

365
00:31:52,180 --> 00:31:53,440
So what about the man?

366
00:31:53,470 --> 00:31:55,810
The Help page using the man page for a while.

367
00:31:56,800 --> 00:32:05,710
So at the man page, if you forget how to use a command, you can type man and then the name of the

368
00:32:05,710 --> 00:32:07,510
command like code in this case.

369
00:32:07,940 --> 00:32:11,350
So sometimes there won't be a manual page for that.

370
00:32:14,820 --> 00:32:17,640
But nine times out of ten there will be so.

371
00:32:19,010 --> 00:32:21,260
Main page is short for manual page.

372
00:32:21,650 --> 00:32:25,010
It's just a form of software documentation on UNIX and limited software.

373
00:32:27,980 --> 00:32:35,510
And so things that are covered include computer programs, library system calls, sometimes standards,

374
00:32:35,510 --> 00:32:37,550
conventions, even abstract concepts.

375
00:32:37,970 --> 00:32:41,540
User might invoke command page by issue, issuing the man command.

376
00:32:42,660 --> 00:32:47,850
A default man typically uses a terminal pager programmed more or less to display the output.

377
00:32:48,860 --> 00:32:52,190
So you have to hit the spacebar to return more options.

378
00:32:52,190 --> 00:32:59,150
So because man pages are distributed with the software, they document their more favorable means of

379
00:32:59,150 --> 00:33:04,670
documenting software compared to other out-of-band management techniques like web pages.

380
00:33:05,570 --> 00:33:11,690
There's higher likelihood for a matched with the actual features of the software to the documented ones.

381
00:33:12,320 --> 00:33:18,740
It's for this reason that man pages are often referred to as online or an online form a software documentation.

382
00:33:19,310 --> 00:33:22,670
Even though the man command does not require internet access.

383
00:33:23,800 --> 00:33:26,950
Going back to the days when out of band manuals were the norm.

384
00:33:30,510 --> 00:33:33,000
So let's talk about the copy command.

385
00:33:37,560 --> 00:33:38,790
So the copy command.

386
00:33:45,760 --> 00:33:48,790
Okay to copy certain files.

387
00:33:51,990 --> 00:33:53,310
So it takes two arguments.

388
00:33:53,320 --> 00:33:55,500
The first is the location of the file to be copied.

389
00:33:56,010 --> 00:33:58,200
The second part is where you want to copy in that.

390
00:34:02,300 --> 00:34:07,730
All right, so I've done the copy command and we're going to work on the next set of command.

391
00:34:07,740 --> 00:34:10,130
So actually let's do a demo of the copy command first.

392
00:34:10,580 --> 00:34:11,780
We'll copy the.

393
00:34:13,230 --> 00:34:15,660
New text file we created to a new directory.

394
00:34:17,150 --> 00:34:19,700
So let's go ahead and do that or close the browser.

395
00:34:20,500 --> 00:34:23,150
You don't get rid of these notifications.

396
00:34:29,370 --> 00:34:31,900
So we have the new file, that text.

397
00:34:34,090 --> 00:34:35,230
And we're gonna give it the path.

398
00:34:35,230 --> 00:34:36,580
We're going to it to home.

399
00:34:37,260 --> 00:34:40,090
Kelly slash documents.

400
00:34:41,140 --> 00:34:42,190
And there we go.

401
00:34:42,310 --> 00:34:45,880
And change to the documents directory.

402
00:34:52,210 --> 00:34:53,860
And our new file is there.

403
00:34:55,150 --> 00:34:55,820
So magical.

404
00:34:55,820 --> 00:34:59,830
Unless we can copy files from place to place.

405
00:35:01,550 --> 00:35:03,050
Without too much difficulty.

406
00:35:04,580 --> 00:35:07,790
So let's go to the next set of commands.

407
00:35:10,160 --> 00:35:14,420
So copy also has some different syntax.

408
00:35:15,790 --> 00:35:20,140
And usually do the copy command at the dollar sign prompts regular user.

409
00:35:20,980 --> 00:35:22,540
Let's look at the move command.

410
00:35:22,990 --> 00:35:26,800
So the move command, we can move files other places.

411
00:35:28,860 --> 00:35:31,590
Or he can also use the MOVE Command to rename a file.

412
00:35:32,310 --> 00:35:34,890
So let's say we want to rename the file.

413
00:35:37,120 --> 00:35:38,490
You filed the text.

414
00:35:46,460 --> 00:35:46,960
Particularly.

415
00:35:49,700 --> 00:35:50,780
I have it backwards.

416
00:35:51,800 --> 00:35:56,390
So we're going to the first part is the follow on to remain and the second part is the what you want

417
00:35:56,390 --> 00:35:57,350
to rename it to.

418
00:35:58,250 --> 00:35:59,600
And we're going to.

419
00:36:01,510 --> 00:36:03,880
Now we have a new file that's been renamed.

420
00:36:04,420 --> 00:36:07,660
So that's one use of the MOVE command.

421
00:36:08,170 --> 00:36:12,070
We can also use the MOVE Command to rename the directory.

422
00:36:13,610 --> 00:36:15,380
So let's go and make a new directory.

423
00:36:22,120 --> 00:36:22,660
So there's a new.

424
00:36:23,260 --> 00:36:25,510
We're going to move the new directory.

425
00:36:32,660 --> 00:36:34,310
Make it new directory too.

426
00:36:36,410 --> 00:36:38,270
So we do the command again.

427
00:36:38,720 --> 00:36:44,870
We now have the new directory, so we can also use it to move a directory from one place to the other.

428
00:36:45,500 --> 00:36:48,980
Let's move the source directory.

429
00:36:54,020 --> 00:36:56,090
Is a new place for moving to Etsy.

430
00:37:03,730 --> 00:37:04,240
Let's see.

431
00:37:06,780 --> 00:37:08,670
When I moved to Etsy because.

432
00:37:16,390 --> 00:37:16,860
You know.

433
00:37:16,890 --> 00:37:19,720
Oh, it's called mediocrity.

434
00:37:19,730 --> 00:37:20,440
That's my fault.

435
00:37:29,980 --> 00:37:36,520
And if you go to the ABC directory, we'll see the new directory two is in fact there.

436
00:37:40,430 --> 00:37:41,270
And there we go.

437
00:37:42,260 --> 00:37:48,140
So we saw how the move came in and can be used to rename a file on all some directories.

438
00:37:48,570 --> 00:37:49,790
We have a locate command.

439
00:37:49,790 --> 00:37:55,850
Locate command is used to locate a file in Linux system, just like the search, command and Windows.

440
00:37:58,100 --> 00:38:01,490
So this actually is useful when you don't know where the file actually is.

441
00:38:02,650 --> 00:38:04,330
So let's go ahead and clear the screen.

442
00:38:06,730 --> 00:38:12,520
So if I want to locate my new directory or new file.

443
00:38:22,090 --> 00:38:23,060
What did I actually name it?

444
00:38:23,080 --> 00:38:23,860
I can't remember.

445
00:38:27,960 --> 00:38:28,680
Let's see.

446
00:38:32,620 --> 00:38:34,290
So we call it new father text.

447
00:38:34,370 --> 00:38:35,710
Let's go ahead and clear out.

448
00:38:37,210 --> 00:38:39,220
It's going to change back to the ETSI directory.

449
00:38:43,830 --> 00:38:47,310
It doesn't know where it is because I don't think it actually has the.

450
00:38:49,180 --> 00:38:50,620
So yeah so location.

451
00:38:51,760 --> 00:38:57,910
It'll look for some different things you can do regular expressions to do a lot of different commands

452
00:38:57,910 --> 00:38:58,570
will locate.

453
00:39:02,740 --> 00:39:05,320
And most distros will come with the.

454
00:39:06,230 --> 00:39:07,520
Proper syntax.

455
00:39:11,570 --> 00:39:15,260
So now we have the Echo and the cat command.

456
00:39:15,270 --> 00:39:22,550
So if we want to actually echo something to the screen, we can even send it out to a file.

457
00:39:23,180 --> 00:39:23,660
So.

458
00:39:25,070 --> 00:39:25,900
This case.

459
00:39:28,020 --> 00:39:29,190
We're going to echo.

460
00:39:31,150 --> 00:39:31,800
Hello.

461
00:39:33,370 --> 00:39:36,540
My name is Chris.

462
00:39:38,610 --> 00:39:43,110
When a cat that out to do that text file.

463
00:39:46,310 --> 00:39:48,970
We'll see the new DOT text file appears.

464
00:39:50,260 --> 00:39:51,430
Because the directory ran.

465
00:39:54,200 --> 00:39:54,950
And there we go.

466
00:40:04,630 --> 00:40:05,320
And there you go.

467
00:40:05,320 --> 00:40:08,770
There's the file, the cat command we've been using quite a while.

468
00:40:09,040 --> 00:40:13,330
Cat is short for Concatenate, and it's one of the most frequently used commands.

469
00:40:13,330 --> 00:40:20,530
And Linux allows us to create files, view the contents of the file or redirect output, so on and so

470
00:40:20,530 --> 00:40:20,800
forth.

471
00:40:20,800 --> 00:40:26,650
So if we look at the cat command, we can see we can print on standard output.

472
00:40:27,220 --> 00:40:29,050
We can cat in eight files.

473
00:40:29,350 --> 00:40:29,980
We can.

474
00:40:31,790 --> 00:40:36,530
Show tabs and show non-accredited characters many different things.

475
00:40:42,130 --> 00:40:45,590
But then we have different text editors.

476
00:40:45,610 --> 00:40:52,120
If you're one thing that you're going to do in Linux, you're going to do creating editing text files

477
00:40:52,720 --> 00:40:54,480
among the common tax reform.

478
00:40:54,820 --> 00:41:01,900
Whether you're on Linux or Unix, if you're programming, developing Web pages, sending email, writing

479
00:41:01,900 --> 00:41:06,400
letters, configuring your environment, you're going to eventually work.

480
00:41:07,430 --> 00:41:08,570
With text editors.

481
00:41:11,370 --> 00:41:13,020
It's a very important skill to have.

482
00:41:15,630 --> 00:41:17,700
Unchanged directory to the home directory.

483
00:41:19,180 --> 00:41:26,590
One of the most common text editors is VII, or which is now called them or VI approved.

484
00:41:27,600 --> 00:41:29,370
And it has two different options.

485
00:41:32,920 --> 00:41:35,590
So then there's backwards compatible VI.

486
00:41:36,130 --> 00:41:38,720
There's also g m, there's g view.

487
00:41:38,720 --> 00:41:40,030
There's all kinds of different things.

488
00:41:41,330 --> 00:41:47,660
So there was a very powerful text that you can use, but it does have a kind of a steep learning curve.

489
00:41:48,870 --> 00:41:50,520
Lots and lots of different commands.

490
00:41:50,730 --> 00:41:54,660
There's even a gooey version of them.

491
00:41:58,100 --> 00:42:03,670
But it may not always be installed on certain Linux distributions.

492
00:42:08,500 --> 00:42:14,740
So depending on the repository you're in, you may not have access to it, but I will always generally

493
00:42:14,740 --> 00:42:17,710
read the default to them.

494
00:42:21,700 --> 00:42:26,800
So there's also Nano, which is another common text editor.

495
00:42:30,320 --> 00:42:33,530
The Nano is another editor inspired by Pico.

496
00:42:34,070 --> 00:42:37,540
So it doesn't always wrap blind.

497
00:42:37,550 --> 00:42:43,280
So if you want to have your text editor look like some of the other text editors, you can do that.

498
00:42:45,110 --> 00:42:46,430
But it works very similar.

499
00:42:46,520 --> 00:42:47,720
Let's go ahead and then I'll.

500
00:42:49,430 --> 00:42:52,180
My new text text.

501
00:42:52,240 --> 00:43:01,040
So we created a new text file and say, this is the new text file and it's a bit easier to use.

502
00:43:02,330 --> 00:43:03,050
And then.

503
00:43:04,700 --> 00:43:05,350
We're done.

504
00:43:05,350 --> 00:43:08,100
We want to write it out to a file so they control.

505
00:43:08,100 --> 00:43:10,060
Oh, we'll give it a name.

506
00:43:12,420 --> 00:43:15,260
We know actually what direction we wanted to go to.

507
00:43:17,640 --> 00:43:20,700
They wanted to the calendar directory one to downloads.

508
00:43:22,900 --> 00:43:24,520
And many different options.

509
00:43:26,350 --> 00:43:27,250
You can do this with.

510
00:43:34,660 --> 00:43:37,600
If you need help, you can actually display the help.

511
00:43:41,640 --> 00:43:44,340
So a lot of different options with Nano and them.

512
00:43:45,090 --> 00:43:47,940
There's even a one called Jab.

513
00:44:00,180 --> 00:44:01,380
So we can manage an.

514
00:44:06,860 --> 00:44:08,930
So Jeb may not always be installed.

515
00:44:10,990 --> 00:44:13,450
And Sonam's text editors get deprecated.

516
00:44:14,350 --> 00:44:18,370
Let us be aware, not just because it works on one distro may not work on others.

517
00:44:20,840 --> 00:44:22,490
So this is definitely.

518
00:44:24,140 --> 00:44:26,510
Simpler than now as far as the format.

519
00:44:27,260 --> 00:44:28,820
Of course, then we have pseudo.

520
00:44:29,360 --> 00:44:30,710
Pseudo is an important command.

521
00:44:30,710 --> 00:44:35,450
It's widely used and when it stands for super user do.

522
00:44:39,630 --> 00:44:43,710
So if you want to run a command of villages, you can use sudo command.

523
00:44:44,760 --> 00:44:51,330
So if you want a pseudo to root on a pseudo the password, change the password, update passwords you

524
00:44:51,330 --> 00:44:52,380
want to switch users.

525
00:44:52,380 --> 00:44:53,820
Many cases will use pseudo.

526
00:44:54,540 --> 00:45:00,750
There's also the union command, which is designed to show information about the system.

527
00:45:00,750 --> 00:45:02,730
Your Linux distros running.

528
00:45:05,230 --> 00:45:06,430
So let's go ahead and.

529
00:45:07,830 --> 00:45:15,030
Exit out on a pseudo S2 or type in the past for calendars now route.

530
00:45:16,050 --> 00:45:19,650
An exit back out to the man pseudo.

531
00:45:21,170 --> 00:45:22,590
And it's going to give us some options.

532
00:45:22,590 --> 00:45:29,570
So basically sudo allows us to run commands as another user and the policies and security policies will

533
00:45:29,570 --> 00:45:31,750
determine what permissions you have.

534
00:45:37,180 --> 00:45:39,100
So we can do lots of different things with pseudo.

535
00:45:39,700 --> 00:45:42,940
If you're going to edit the SC pseudo file.

536
00:45:45,050 --> 00:45:47,420
You want to use the visceral command.

537
00:45:48,930 --> 00:45:49,830
If it's there.

538
00:45:52,840 --> 00:45:59,830
Some distros as they are newer, they may not have the visual command.

539
00:46:00,370 --> 00:46:06,010
So just be aware that the process may be different depending on the discharge over the next that you

540
00:46:06,010 --> 00:46:06,490
have.

541
00:46:13,070 --> 00:46:14,450
So you name Carmen.

542
00:46:14,830 --> 00:46:18,710
So we want to show information about the system that's upcoming on the terminal.

543
00:46:24,180 --> 00:46:33,000
So we're running Linux, Kali Linux 5.5, AMD 64 number one and it says what builds for running?

544
00:46:39,580 --> 00:46:42,850
So then we have the apt get package manager.

545
00:46:42,850 --> 00:46:46,060
So an ending on what we're running in.

546
00:46:46,060 --> 00:46:48,640
We may not have access to full.

547
00:46:50,530 --> 00:46:52,840
The same full list of applications.

548
00:46:57,730 --> 00:46:59,890
So we want to install something we don't have.

549
00:47:00,370 --> 00:47:02,680
We're going to do a pseudo app, get install.

550
00:47:05,730 --> 00:47:07,740
My case, I'm going to install Emacs.

551
00:47:12,520 --> 00:47:13,780
Let's try to get it.

552
00:47:25,870 --> 00:47:29,200
So they've taken it out of the classroom, which is does have the time.

553
00:47:29,890 --> 00:47:35,680
So just be aware that just because APT works now, it may not work on certain commands later.

554
00:47:35,680 --> 00:47:42,460
So we want to get updates and you want to go out and grab the latest and greatest updates from the repositories.

555
00:47:42,910 --> 00:47:49,180
This is a good practice too, because you might have to update your OS to make sure you have the latest

556
00:47:49,180 --> 00:47:50,070
and greatest tools.

557
00:47:52,900 --> 00:48:02,470
He also can do an apt get upgrade which will upgrade to the latest and greatest version and that will

558
00:48:02,470 --> 00:48:03,400
take some time.

559
00:48:03,400 --> 00:48:05,200
So he knows it goes out to Cowley.

560
00:48:05,890 --> 00:48:12,940
Download the Cowley Rolling Repository and it's going to go update all the packages that are available.

561
00:48:14,110 --> 00:48:14,740
I'm calling.

562
00:48:15,100 --> 00:48:19,330
Once you do an update, you may want to do an app to get auto remove.

563
00:48:21,400 --> 00:48:24,130
Or an apt get clean if you have a failed install.

564
00:48:25,790 --> 00:48:29,090
Let's go ahead and go back to the slide deck.

565
00:48:29,090 --> 00:48:32,180
So with apt get you have to do pseudo.

566
00:48:32,630 --> 00:48:37,730
Otherwise it may tell you are you root and it may not work.

567
00:48:38,390 --> 00:48:41,990
So then we have the change mod command or the C-H Mod Command.

568
00:48:42,770 --> 00:48:51,890
C-H Mod is essentially the way we make files executable in Linux, and you can either do it from octal

569
00:48:51,890 --> 00:48:57,590
notation or you can do it from a setting different bits on a file.

570
00:48:58,850 --> 00:49:03,920
So if I want to change stands for actually change mode.

571
00:49:04,670 --> 00:49:04,970
But.

572
00:49:06,320 --> 00:49:11,330
A numbers and letters will distinguish between who is actually as what permissions.

573
00:49:14,380 --> 00:49:17,380
So let's go ahead and look at cloud permissions and Linux.

574
00:49:17,860 --> 00:49:25,120
Once it's done updating, we'll go in no company tab just because save time.

575
00:49:29,880 --> 00:49:31,410
Well, let's stop missions.

576
00:49:31,890 --> 00:49:33,930
And what if I want to change?

577
00:49:33,990 --> 00:49:40,020
So right now, the new father text has a certain set of bits.

578
00:49:40,050 --> 00:49:41,250
These are the bits right here.

579
00:49:42,090 --> 00:49:46,390
So it has user bits, group and has owner bits.

580
00:49:46,390 --> 00:49:48,610
So let's go ahead and do a C-H mod.

581
00:49:49,170 --> 00:49:53,760
I'll make everything rideable and everything executable.

582
00:49:55,370 --> 00:49:59,060
So notice I'm not pseudocode so I will not have permission to do that.

583
00:50:00,880 --> 00:50:03,430
If i sudo to root and i have permission.

584
00:50:07,890 --> 00:50:14,420
And that's what I do, that the file color syntax will generally change.

585
00:50:14,460 --> 00:50:19,340
In this case it doesn't, but some by extension, will have a red color set or executable.

586
00:50:19,350 --> 00:50:20,550
So this is change months.

587
00:50:20,550 --> 00:50:21,750
Seven, seven, seven.

588
00:50:22,290 --> 00:50:23,020
What does that mean?

589
00:50:23,060 --> 00:50:25,830
Well, that means I have set, read, write and execute.

590
00:50:27,400 --> 00:50:28,900
So those are the best you can change.

591
00:50:28,900 --> 00:50:31,140
If I want to change my mind.

592
00:50:31,140 --> 00:50:31,310
Yes.

593
00:50:31,330 --> 00:50:32,020
Execute.

594
00:50:34,020 --> 00:50:35,340
That particular file.

595
00:50:37,600 --> 00:50:42,040
I could do that and I've taken away executed from all the different groups.

596
00:50:43,930 --> 00:50:45,220
That's important to understand.

597
00:50:45,820 --> 00:50:46,810
C.H. Montgomery.

598
00:50:49,590 --> 00:50:51,970
Then we have the hostname commands.

599
00:50:51,990 --> 00:50:55,080
We want to change our view of the hostname and IP address.

600
00:50:57,790 --> 00:50:58,870
This is actually Kelly.

601
00:50:59,620 --> 00:51:01,130
Let's look at the man page.

602
00:51:02,470 --> 00:51:04,600
So this will show or set the hostname.

603
00:51:05,380 --> 00:51:06,430
This will also.

604
00:51:09,010 --> 00:51:10,750
Show or set domain names.

605
00:51:16,050 --> 00:51:19,400
So we have several different options here from within the.

606
00:51:22,180 --> 00:51:26,860
This menu, so might send it a fully qualified domain name.

607
00:51:30,130 --> 00:51:31,680
It said it is an IP address.

608
00:51:32,640 --> 00:51:33,870
Lots of different options.

609
00:51:35,400 --> 00:51:37,480
I want to change the name from the system.

610
00:51:44,490 --> 00:51:46,830
I've now changed the show's name to Hatbox.

611
00:51:47,700 --> 00:51:49,230
All I had to do was change the name.

612
00:51:49,800 --> 00:51:50,850
And there we go.

613
00:51:55,570 --> 00:52:01,840
So then of course we have the variable pane command and commands can be useful because this allows us

614
00:52:01,840 --> 00:52:03,520
to check our connection to the server.

615
00:52:03,970 --> 00:52:07,300
We can ping much like we can in our windows system.

616
00:52:10,590 --> 00:52:15,120
I can thank Google and I will continue paying until I stop.

617
00:52:15,840 --> 00:52:22,110
So if I want to just paying a little bit differently, I can use the main page and see what other options

618
00:52:22,110 --> 00:52:26,610
there are I can take with IP version or IP version six.

619
00:52:26,610 --> 00:52:28,050
I could even have it be an audible.

620
00:52:29,070 --> 00:52:34,830
I can have it print the timestamps if I want to ping flood something.

621
00:52:42,900 --> 00:52:49,500
It's going to flood Google things and Google most likely come back and not allow it to go.

622
00:52:49,860 --> 00:52:52,020
So I want you to ping.

623
00:52:53,550 --> 00:52:55,220
What IP versus six?

624
00:52:56,710 --> 00:52:59,110
I can do a pinged at 6:00 on.

625
00:53:04,900 --> 00:53:08,840
It says the network is unreachable because they don't have IP six enabled.

626
00:53:16,460 --> 00:53:23,060
So I can actually tell it the number of pings or another number of hops to go that are having it go

627
00:53:23,060 --> 00:53:23,990
continuously.

628
00:53:24,590 --> 00:53:28,850
I could change the time to live with just how many hops it will go before it is dropped.

629
00:53:29,600 --> 00:53:33,320
So playing is an important command for Linux.

630
00:53:35,360 --> 00:53:36,500
Other useful commands.

631
00:53:36,500 --> 00:53:40,520
We have the find command which will find files or directories.

632
00:53:47,460 --> 00:53:49,920
I want to find Stark's text file.

633
00:53:51,370 --> 00:53:53,980
So I found my new file by text.

634
00:53:54,640 --> 00:53:56,920
And then I want to see how much memory is free.

635
00:53:59,140 --> 00:54:05,890
So the free command will display not only the amount of free memory, but also the use memory and swap

636
00:54:05,890 --> 00:54:06,820
space as well.

637
00:54:12,560 --> 00:54:14,270
And we have the deaf command.

638
00:54:16,370 --> 00:54:17,520
Do you have command?

639
00:54:17,670 --> 00:54:18,510
We'll show you.

640
00:54:20,030 --> 00:54:22,400
How much disk space is free.

641
00:54:23,480 --> 00:54:26,240
We have a lot of space left on your hard drive.

642
00:54:26,280 --> 00:54:27,680
Or if you're running out.

643
00:54:31,020 --> 00:54:34,140
You can also have it print out the AI nodes.

644
00:54:39,410 --> 00:54:44,210
You can have a print out the different partitions that are there and how much space is taken up.

645
00:54:44,420 --> 00:54:47,840
And see, I have 13% used on the partition.

646
00:54:49,140 --> 00:54:50,490
64 gigabytes.

647
00:54:56,180 --> 00:54:59,390
So let's go to the ID man.

648
00:54:59,630 --> 00:55:05,690
So the user we've already talked about the identity of the user with the groups they belong to.

649
00:55:07,400 --> 00:55:11,750
So my current user is part of the group, part of the CD-ROM group, student group.

650
00:55:12,380 --> 00:55:14,420
Many other different groups right away.

651
00:55:16,920 --> 00:55:20,340
It's gotten cashed out of the password file.

652
00:55:21,560 --> 00:55:22,910
So let's do.

653
00:55:25,760 --> 00:55:27,140
Switch to user one.

654
00:55:32,560 --> 00:55:34,810
And I can't when I set the password to.

655
00:55:51,850 --> 00:55:53,920
I have to go back and change the password because I can't.

656
00:55:54,100 --> 00:56:03,970
It was basically you'll be able to see the identity of the user, the message which can review kernel

657
00:56:03,970 --> 00:56:04,690
logs.

658
00:56:05,710 --> 00:56:07,990
But you had to be sudo to do it.

659
00:56:09,300 --> 00:56:11,580
You can see all the messages coming back from the colonel.

660
00:56:12,240 --> 00:56:19,410
You can also look at the different hardware on the Linux system with the PCI command, which is also

661
00:56:19,410 --> 00:56:22,230
good for other versions of Linux too.

662
00:56:23,040 --> 00:56:29,340
So I don't see what type of processor or whatever sound card of a video card, so on and so forth.

663
00:56:29,880 --> 00:56:32,010
You can also list all the USB devices.

664
00:56:32,550 --> 00:56:38,370
So this is a virtual rehab on your physical systems running Linux, you may have some other options.

665
00:56:38,880 --> 00:56:42,810
Then you have the less GCM CIA.

666
00:56:45,450 --> 00:56:46,920
So this case I've found.

667
00:56:47,520 --> 00:56:54,540
So they've taken it out because it's PKM say PKM CIA cards are not as common.

668
00:57:07,750 --> 00:57:12,370
So maybe another process using Arial.

669
00:57:21,600 --> 00:57:21,750
Yeah.

670
00:57:22,120 --> 00:57:23,700
So we got a locked file that's going here.

671
00:57:23,710 --> 00:57:24,340
That's okay.

672
00:57:25,070 --> 00:57:28,930
But PCMCIA cards, there are some other useful commands

673
00:57:31,540 --> 00:57:33,400
such as process management.

674
00:57:34,120 --> 00:57:36,430
So on Linux you have the PS command.

675
00:57:39,190 --> 00:57:44,800
Yes shows all the processes currently running in the A which is a more detailed version.

676
00:57:45,910 --> 00:57:47,560
You can kill processes.

677
00:57:48,930 --> 00:57:50,460
So let's say I want to kill.

678
00:57:52,220 --> 00:57:53,630
P.S. a U.S..

679
00:58:02,400 --> 00:58:04,470
So I usually have to have the process name.

680
00:58:06,140 --> 00:58:08,540
And if you maybe you want to send the process to the background.

681
00:58:12,260 --> 00:58:13,790
Somebody is Wireshark.

682
00:58:17,340 --> 00:58:17,940
There we go.

683
00:58:18,060 --> 00:58:18,480
So.

684
00:58:19,740 --> 00:58:20,880
Gentlemen, this will work.

685
00:58:20,880 --> 00:58:27,390
But because Caligula makes in the new version has changed things, it may work a little bit differently.

686
00:58:27,990 --> 00:58:29,140
We have the effigy.

687
00:58:31,500 --> 00:58:34,710
So you take the background job to the foreground.

688
00:58:35,910 --> 00:58:38,160
And show background processes.

689
00:58:41,100 --> 00:58:44,040
So in summary, we talked about the one file system.

690
00:58:44,040 --> 00:58:46,260
We talked about Linux file system folders.

691
00:58:46,710 --> 00:58:48,270
We talked about the command line.

692
00:58:48,660 --> 00:58:50,450
We talked about command line basics.

693
00:58:50,460 --> 00:58:56,700
We looked at some different basic Lennox commands and we looked at other useful Linux commands that

694
00:58:56,700 --> 00:58:57,240
are there.

695
00:58:57,840 --> 00:59:01,320
So I hope you enjoyed this particular module.

696
00:59:01,770 --> 00:59:06,870
We covered a lot of material, but there's a lot of useful commands that you will find that will help

697
00:59:06,870 --> 00:59:11,880
you in using Kelly Linux as well as other Linux distributions.

698
00:59:12,360 --> 00:59:15,030
So we'll see you in the next module.