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Instructor: Welcome back.

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Here we are in our Kali Linux machine

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and it is time we finally learn

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how to use that mysterious tool

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that is set to be the most important tool

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that we must master.

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Don't worry, Terminal is not difficult to use.

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But before we get to open it and run bunch of the commands

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let us first define what Terminal is.

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So what is it?

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Terminal is a program that allows us to interact

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with Linux operating system using different commands.

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We can create files, delete files, create directories,

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run programs, set different tasks to execute,

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and we can do many more things using it.

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It is important you get used to it

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especially if you never used it before,

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because if you're coming from Windows or Mac OS

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you probably are used to opening files or folders

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by clicking on different icons and navigating like that.

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For example, on Windows we usually open files

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by double clicking on an icon and it'll open that folder.

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And on Linux we can actually do the same thing.

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So if I go right here and for example

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I want to open this home folder

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I will double click on that folder

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and it'll open the folder with all the files inside of it.

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But we don't want to be doing it like that.

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Let us see how we can do it using Terminal.

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So let us close this first

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and we already know how to open Terminal,

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right click on desktop and click open Terminal here.

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First thing that we notice is username

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that we have right here

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and the host name that we have right here.

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But we also noticed this /desktop.

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This means that our Terminal process

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has opened inside of the desktop directory.

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Does it always open there?

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Nope, it only opened there because we told it to open there.

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Remember, we right clicked on desktop

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and clicked open Terminal here.

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If we, for example, went to the home folder

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and right clicked here, open Terminal,

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it doesn't say /home like it did in desktop.

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It just gives us this way minus sign.

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Well that sign in Linux

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means that you are in your home directory of your user.

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And our user is called mrhacker,

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so the directory name should be /home/mrhacker.

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And to check the directory name

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we can type the command pwd.

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If we press Enter, it'll give us the current directory

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in which our Terminal process is running

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and it is /home/mrhacker.

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And this pwd simply just stands for print working directory.

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If we for example, go to the folder once again

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which is /home folder /mrhacker,

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and we double click on documents,

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try to open Terminal here.

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So open Terminal here.

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This will open a second Terminal

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and you will see right here that it says /documents.

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But do we always need to go to that folder

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and open Terminal inside of that folder

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for it to be inside of this directory?

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Of course, not.

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We can use a command called cd.

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And you should be familiar with this command

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since we already used it before.

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Let us test it out.

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Let's go to the documents directory from our home directory.

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So I'll just close the second Terminal

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and right here we are inside of our home directory,

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or /home/mrhacker.

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We know that inside of this directory

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there is a documents directory

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since we managed to open it right here.

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And to navigate to this directory using Terminal

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we can use the command cd

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and then the name of the directory, which is documents.

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We press Enter and here it is,

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we are in /documents directory.

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If we type pwd here,

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it'll tell us the current working directory

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is /home/mrhacker/documents.

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And for example,

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if we wanted to go one step or one directory back

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we can type the command cd and then two dots.

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What this command will do is it'll go one directory back

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and if I type pwd once again,

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we will now be again in /home/mrhacker directory.

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So these two dots tell the Terminal

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to go one directory back.

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Okay, great.

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But how can we know which subdirectories

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and files are in home directory, for example?

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If we knew there was documents directory in home folder,

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because we opened it right here,

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we didn't open it over Terminal

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we opened it right here from our desktop.

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Once we open it again

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we can see all the folders and files

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inside of this /home/mrhacker directory.

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But we didn't see these files inside of our Terminal.

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So how can we list them?

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How can we see all of these files using Terminal

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so we know which directories are available

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inside of this /home/mrhacker directory?

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To check files and folders in any directory

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we can use another familiar command which is ls.

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And the ls command stands for list.

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So let's just test it out.

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If we type it, press Enter.

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Here we are, we can see same folders

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and same files that we can see inside

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of this window right here.

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So what we did for now is we used Terminal

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instead of clicking on bunch of files, bunch of icons,

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we now are doing all of that with our Terminal.

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Now that we know which folders are in this directory

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we can choose which folder we want to go to

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and use cd command to go there.

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But let us go one directory back from the /home/mrhacker.

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To do that we already know we can type cd and then two dots.

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And by the way, cd simply stands for changing directory,

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don't know if I mentioned it but cd is changing directory.

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And now we can see once we went one directory back

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we are in /home directory.

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If we type ls here,

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we can see here is our mrhacker directory

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that is containing these files right here.

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Since we went one step back,

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we can only see mrhacker directory

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since this is the only folder

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inside of this /home directory.

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Let's go one more step back.

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If I type cd two dots once again,

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now I'm in /directory and it is called /directory

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because it is only specified as a forward slash

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and we can go more than that.

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This is the main directory

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that has all of the other files and directories

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in the system.

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If we try to type cd once again

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you will see it'll still be in the /directory.

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And remember when I told you during Kali Linux installation

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that we will shortly see /home/tmp/vardirectories

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that occurred in one of the installation questions.

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Well, if I type ls right here, here they are.

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These are all just standard Linux directories,

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and here is /home from which we came from,

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here is /var, and here is tmp,

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and bunch of other directories

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and these are all just standard Linux directories.

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From here you will notice that not all of it is same color.

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This is because not all of the stuff we see here

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is the same thing.

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Something is a directory, something is a file.

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And for example, we cannot use cd command onto a file.

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We can only use cd to go to another directory.

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So if we try, for example, cd and I choose this file,

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so cd initrd.img and press Enter,

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this will not work.

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It'll give us an error saying not a directory.

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But if we type cd and then etc for example,

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which is this directory, and press Enter,

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now I will be inside the etc directory.

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And here I can type ls

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to list all of the files inside of the etc directory,

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and you will also notice

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that here we got a mixture of files and directories as well.

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Directories are these dark blue names,

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while files can be other colors depending on file type.

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Usually they're white.

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Okay, great.

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We'll learn the basics of navigating through Linux system

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and directories using different commands.

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Now, before we finish this video, here is a practice test.

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Try returning to the desktop directory

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from this etc directory using only the commands

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that we learned.

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I will give you right now a few seconds

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and I will show you how to do it.

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So try it out.

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Okay.

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Don't worry if you didn't get it,

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this will come with practice.

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So here it is how we can do it.

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From the etc directory,

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we know that we must go back to the /directory.

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And in this /directory we got our home directory.

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We can check it out by typing ls.

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And inside of this home directory

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we know that we got the mrhacker directory,

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and the mrhacker directory has the desktop directory.

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So to navigate there we can type cd home,

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type ls here, then type cd mrhacker,

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type ls here once again

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to check out all of the available directories

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and cd desktop.

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And now we are on our desktop directory once again.

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Great. So practice a little bit with these commands.

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This is nothing really too hard.

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Just take some practice

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and you will get used to it pretty soon.

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And in the next video we're going to see

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how we can create files and folders using Terminal,

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as well as we are going to see how we can run programs.

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See you there.