Data encapsulation.
Each layer in the pipes is built on the one below.
So and each player is able to encapsulate the data from the layer a bore so it can move between the
layers of.
So, um.
Data transmitted by each layer is called protocol data unit, as you can see here in this here, bidirectional
directional direction and not data show.
So we have heaters, futures and addresses.
So TPD or protocol data unit in each layer contains the payload data that is being transmitted.
So it's common prefix heder, which contains.
And as you can see here, eternity, the IP, that is he.
DCP, they're here.
And for the pain, this heder contains information required for the payload data to be transmitted,
such as the addresses of the source and this nation nodes on the network, your source address, destination
address or so there's this notion that there's source this destination port.
So actually.
Sometimes a Purdue also has a future, and that is just like a sister to the payload data and contents
values needed to ensure correct transmission, such as error checking information.
So.
And this figure here, as you can see here, shows the UM.
PED use are laid out in the pipes.
So as you can see here.
Now, the TCP, he contains a source and this nation port number here, source port destination port,
as you can see here, source port in this nation port.
So these ports are a single lot that have multiple unique network connections, so a port numbers intercept
here.
Let's let me mention here.
Um?
So this means deep here.
Uh, port numbers, um, near the port numbers in TCP.
These port numbers, actually.
Port numbers, numbers in TCP or UDP starts star.
It's, uh, star.
It's from zero, uh, two six six two five thousand five hundred thirty five.
Yes.
So most port numbers are assigned up to as needed into a new connections, but some numbers have been
given special assignments.
So for example, um, port.
Port, No.
No.
80 is for A.P. Protocol.
And 2021 for FTP protocol and and of.
And more.
So you can find the currently is a sign for numbers in the ATC services file on the most unique slice
operating system.
So a TCP payload A. There are UM.
Commonly called a segment which when I was a UDP pilot and Hayder are commonly called data around,
so the IP protocol uses a source and this nation address here, as you can see here, IP port source
address and destination address.
So this nation address allows the data to be sent to a specific note on the network at the source address
along the receiver of the data to know which not since the data and the laws.
The receiver to Ripley that they reply to the sender.
So IPv4 uses 32 bit addresses here.
Let's mention this also here.
Uh.
Actually, yes, IPV.
IP version four, Oops.
IP.
IP version four uses 64 actually not six words, 32 bit.
32Bit addresses.
So.
Which you will typically see it and the number separated by dust.
For example, here one thousand one hundred thirty two, one hundred sixty eight with zero point one.
So these are the 32 bit addresses so um and separated by dots, as you can see here, but IP, for example.
But IPv4 here.
It's good to mention the troops here.
It's useful IPV I've seen excellent Typekit for IP.
IP version six IP 06 users actually want one hundred, uh, twenty eight bit addresses.
One hundred.
128 of 128 bit at recess.
So because 32 bit other sins are insufficient for the number of nodes on a modern network.
So, for example, for example, here, for example, if you're 80, zero zero zero zero zero zero,
for example, and like that, so IPV six addresses are usually written as hexadecimal numbers separated
by dots such as this by common sexual thoughts.
As you can see here, IPV six is separated by colors, but IPv4 is separated by dots.
So that is here of what data rights with hexadecimal numbers.
For example, in a b, it might, uh, ninety and one two.
He had elected.
Uh, so.
Long stints of two zero, four times zero numbers are collapsed into two columns.
For example, these uh, here these four four zero can be written like just stats.
So this is the same as previously, so they tended also contains a source and the destination addresses,
for example, here.
Source and destination addresses in eternity, air source and destination analysis.
So, uh, so this eternity uses 64 bit value called media access control here.
A term that uses.
Internet users, 64 bit, actually, it's 64 bit, right, yes.
64 bit Mac.
Addresses addresses which called.
And we, um, other sis called Mac, what is Mac mean?
Uh, this Mac man is media access control, media access.
Control.
So, which is typically set during manufacture of the Ethernet adapter, you will usually see Mac addresses
for it in a serious, serious of hexadecimal numbers, for example.
Um, actually like that here.
Zero a uh, for example, the zero zero, 27, uh, 90 90, uh, a b or f zero like that.
So the Ethernet payload, a payload, including the heater and footer, is commonly referred to as frame
here, as you can see here.
Yes.
And you can see here we what did, and I created an illustration here.