And finally, we're in the application layer.
Now, if you remember, I mentioned before for the ease of use, the last three layers, session, layer,
presentation layer and application layer are thought of together as the application layer.
As you know, these three layers are already a single layer in the TCP IP reference model.
So the application layer contains the communications protocols and interface methods used in process
to process communications across an Internet protocol computer network, the application layer only
standardizes communication and depends upon the underlying transport layer protocols to establish host
to host data transfer channels and manage the data exchange in a client server or peer to peer networking
model.
So let's have a look at some important protocols of the application layer.