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Welcome to Section two in this section, we're going to go over the basics of networking, we're going

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to really get you a foundational understanding of what exactly is a network, how the network works,

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as far as how a network communicates, how they communicate with different types of information and

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everything that you need to know about how a network works.

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Right.

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So let's go right ahead and jump into the network basics section two.

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So just like I mentioned in this section, we're going to go over some of the networking basics so that

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you can get a basic understanding, right.

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Foundational understanding of how a network works.

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So what we're going to be going over in this section is what exactly networks are, how they function,

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what are the different components, the aspects of a network, and then how data travels across the

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Internet.

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It's important for you to know how data travels and what type of forms, what type of form factors so

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that you'll be able to capture that information as a hacker.

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Right.

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As an ethical hacker and be able to put your mind into the mind of a criminal right into a black hat

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mind so that you can be an effective cybersecurity ethical hacker professional.

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And then you're also going to learn some important ports and protocols, the differences between a public

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and a private IP address and really what an IP address is as well.

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And what exactly are subnets and then a practical example of a typical home network.

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So let's go right ahead and jump in here into what exactly are networks.

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So a network occurs when two or more computers are linked together and can share resources with each

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other.

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And so on a network, your computer can technically talk to all the other computers on a network.

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Right.

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And so if they're all connected, then they can communicate back and forth and get access to each other

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to different types of information.

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And so the good example of a network is the Internet, right?

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The Internet is the largest network in the world, and it consists of billions and billions of devices

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that communicate with each other due to their connection through the Internet.

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So let's go over some of the different types of networks.

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So we have a personal area network, a pan.

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This is essentially a convenient one person network.

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This is typically going to be through some sort of device such as a headset, wireless keyboard, wireless

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mice, printers.

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Right.

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Barcode scanners, gaming consoles.

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This is where you're going to have a simple, small, very short personal area network.

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Then we have a local area network, a LAN.

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If you work in some sort of office setting, then you most likely have been exposed to are aware of

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a local area network.

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This is the most common for a lot of local businesses.

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And with this there's typically a few different computers that are linked to one or two printers.

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Also a scanner, maybe a single shared connection to the Internet.

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I remember years back when I had my office job, I remember the company had four to five different printers

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in the actual office.

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And depending where you were working, you had access to a certain printer.

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So if you were like, let's say, in the north side of the building or the office, then you would have

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access to one type of printer and scanner.

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And then if you were like on the west side or on the south side of the office building, then you would

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have access to a different printer.

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So that's how you can think of a local area network.

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And then we have a metropolitan area network.

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And this is essentially where it covers an entire town or city.

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And then we have a wide area network A when this covers typically a geographical area, you can think

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of the Internet as a wind that covers the entire world.

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And then the biggest differences between the Internet and many other Panj lands and wins, it is open

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to the public.

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Right.

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Anybody with an Internet connection can actually log on and look at specific websites.

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Right.

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That are hosted on the Internet.

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So one of the things that you need to keep in mind here in differentiating the different networks is

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whether or not they're open to the public.

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Right.

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So you want to think about are they public or are they private?

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And one of the other types of networks that you may or may not be familiar with is an Internet.

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Now, when I was working in an office setting, we had a online database, which was an Internet for

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the company itself, 500 employees in the company when I was working that zones.

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And what we had is a database essentially where we only could get access from within the company or

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if we had access to the company network.

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Right.

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And so nobody else outside of the company or anybody else outside of the the actual company had access

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to the actual network or the Internet because it was only for employees.

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And so that's a private internal Web platform.

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That holds information data, right, for the actual company, and that can also be susceptible to attacks

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and where, you know, hackers are trying to gather that information because it's private to that company

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and then we have a virtual private network.

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This essentially allows you to change your, quote unquote, identity online where you can have a different

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IP address, different location, so that you can securely look at a get access to a network, a private

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one or a public one without leaving any tracks or any traces of who's actually behind the computer.

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And so now let's go over the permissions and network security.

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So here's the thing.

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When it comes to machines being on a network, right, they're all connected.

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However, just because they're all connected, it doesn't automatically mean that each machine, each

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device is going to have access to the other one.

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And so the only way that you're going to be able to get access to the other information on the other

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computer or device is if it's given access.

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Right.

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If you're given access to that information.

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Just think about on the Internet, you can gain access to billions and billions of Web pages.

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However, you can get access to every single file.

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Right, every single page on every single computer that's hooked up to the Internet because some pages

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are private, some pages are going to be only for internal use.

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And so just because a device is connected to an actual network, yes, they're all essentially connected.

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But that doesn't mean they're all going to be able to have access to each other's information.

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Permissions and security are central to the idea of networking.

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You can only access information, like I mentioned, to information and resources only if that individual

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gives you permission to do so.

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Right.

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And so with hacking, which you're essentially doing, is you're gaining unauthorized access to a computer

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network by cracking passwords, defeating any type of security checks, bypassing antivirus, whatever

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the attack may be.

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Right.

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You are hacking because you're getting unauthorized access.

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Right.

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And to make a network more secure.

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Oftentimes, companies, organizations.

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Right.

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They will install firewalls.

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And this can either be like a physical device or a piece of software that's running on your machine,

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or it can be both.

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I remember when I worked for Zones a while back, we used to sell different type of physical devices

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that acted as firewalls that secured networks.

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And a lot of times these helped with incoming spam from email incoming attacks.

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And so if you look at the image on the right, these are essentially walls that are put up where individual

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hackers, let's say, you know, being able to bypass one stage, maybe they get, you know, some sort

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of access to information of some sort.

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They are essentially reaching the actual end of their destination.

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However, they are getting blocked because there's a firewall right before they have the information

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that they're looking for.

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So firewalls are extremely powerful for being able to block any type of attacks, you know, that are

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looking to gather information, steal data, whatever that may be.

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As far as having your antivirus there initially or having any other protection, they're having a firewall

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adds that extra layer of protection as well.

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OK, so we talked about the different types of networks.

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We talked about the actual network security, the different things that are involved with the permissions,

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you know, firewalls.

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And so now we want to go into a little bit more depth as to what exactly is a network consisted of.

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And so, as you can see on the right hand side there, that's a visual representation of a network.

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So essentially here to make a network, you need nodes and connections.

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And these are essentially the links between then and now.

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In most office settings, you're going to have wired connections because these are typically going to

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be the most strongest as far as connection speed, and they're oftentimes more secure as well.

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And so each node on a network needs a special circuit known as a network card.

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Now, a node is really just a device, right?

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A network card here is a network interface card that is essentially there to get the actual connection

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established.

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And this is a lot of times through either wireless or wired, it can be both.

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And so each network card has its own separate numeric identifier.

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And this is known as a media access control or a land Mac address.

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And so in that code is a bit like a phone number.

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So any machine on the Internet can communicate with another one by sending a message quoting its Mac

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code.

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So this is how these actual network interface cards look like.

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You can see on the left hand side, there's one for a wired connection.

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And then on the right hand side, that's for a wireless connection, and especially now there is cards

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that have both capabilities for wired and wireless as well.

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And so let's look at the Internet as a network.

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And so just like highways or railroad lines that connect towns and cities, you know, country, states,

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whatever that may be.

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Right.

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Computer networks are often very much so elaborate and computer networks are very much so the same.

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They're all connecting networks all around the world.

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And so the Internet, for example, is based on a set of well defined connections called the Internet

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backbone, and it includes a vast set of submarine cables under the oceans.

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And so if you look at the right hand side, the image there at the top, you'll see all of the connections,

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the cables that are connecting the entire world.

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Right, so that everybody in the world can gain access to the Internet.

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Now, as you can also see, there are some areas that don't have as many cables and connections which,

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you know, lack, you know, some Internet or some sort of Internet connection.

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Right.

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And so when we look at these cables here, it's very interesting to look at that they are just three

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inches thick and have a total capacity of between 40 gigabits per second and 10 terabytes per second

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and latencies that are close to the speed of light in just a few milliseconds in duration.

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So you can see these are very powerful cables here.

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If you ever thought about how everybody in the world is connected through the Internet, how can everybody,

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you know, just get online and be able to look at some of these Web sites across the world or get on

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a Skype call with somebody across the world, is because of these cable connections that are essentially

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allowing us to all be connected.

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And so that's going to be here for Section two, overview of the Networking Overview Network and BASIX.

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And we'll see you on the next one.