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[music]

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Now, up until this point in time,

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before classful networks

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were developed,

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when it was back in the old days

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of just a single 8-bit number for

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the network,

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there were no governing bodies.

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So you could run across this

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situation right here.

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Where more than one company used

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the exact same network,

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and that would lead to some

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confusion.

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Like in this particular case,

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Router A is receiving a packet

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with the destination address of

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2.2.2.2

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and as it just so happens,

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there is two different companies

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that are using that exact

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same network.

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Router A is confused.

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He says,

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Where do I forward this

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packet to?

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Should I forward it to Router B's

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network or Router C's network?

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So as networks continue to grow,

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and especially as they developed

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this whole classful scheme,

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they said,

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Look, we need some high level

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organization to monitor and

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regulate the use of IPv4 networks

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to ensure that when one company

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is given an IPv4 network for use,

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nobody else in the world will get

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their same IPv4 network.

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So they will be uniquely

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registered and allocated to

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various different companies.

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So this is what we're left with

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today as a result of that,

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our current IPv4

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addressing structure.

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So at the very top of the food

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chain is the Internet Assigned

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Numbers Authority.

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This is the original top-level

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organization that was in charge

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of allocating all of the IPv4

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and, currently,

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IPv6 networks downstream,

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so they own them all.

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They also do other numbers,

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not just IPv4 numbers but,

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for example,

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on your studies of your CCNA,

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you've learned that at Layer 4,

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there are TCP and

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UDP port numbers.

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TCP port 23 for Telnet,

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port 80 for HTTP,

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and so on and so forth.

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Well the Internet Assigned

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Numbers Authority also regulates

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those numbers.

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If you happen to be a software

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developer and you're

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watching this,

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and you come up with some

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creative idea for a new UDP or

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TCP application or protocol,

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and you want your own unique TCP

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or UDP port number,

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you will need to go to the

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Internet Assigned Numbers

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Authority, and they will

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allocate a number for you.

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So they're the top of the

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food chain.

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Now if you're a company,

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if you are an enterprise

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for example,

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you're an enterprise company and

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you need one or more networks for

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your own use,

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you're probably not going to go

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to the Internet Assigned

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Numbers Authority.

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Instead, there are other

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organizations beneath them which

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are called

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Regional Internet Registries.

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RIR, Regional

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Internet Registries,

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and as you can see here there are

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five of them throughout

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the entire world.

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You've got AfriNIC,

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which stands for the African

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Network Information Center.

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You've got APNIC,

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which is the Asian-Pacific

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Network Information Center.

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RIPE NCC,

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I probably won't be able to do

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that justice,

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because that's actually French.

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I can't even pronounce it.

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Reseaux IP Europeens or something

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like that.

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It's basically French for

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European IP Networks.

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And then ARIN,

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that's what we use here in

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North America.

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That's the American Registry for

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Internet Numbers.

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And then lastly you have LACNIC,

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which is the Latin America and

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Caribbean Network

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Information Center.

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So these are all considered as

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regional Internet registries.

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And then beneath them you have

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your Internet service providers

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like Comcast,

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Time Warner Cable, Verizon,

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Sprint and so on and so forth.

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And at the very bottom of the

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food chain is the end user,

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you and me,

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who are working for a company

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that needs an IP network.

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As an end user,

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either a home user or you're a

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network admin for a company,

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when you need to get an

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IPv4 network,

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you basically got two choices:

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you can get it from your ISP or

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you can go directly to the

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regional internet registry.

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When you go to that,

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now you might be wondering,

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well, why would I do one

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over the other?

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Let's say you go to your

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service provider.

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Let's just say Keith's

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service provider.

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And I go to Keith's service

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provider and say,

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hey, I need some networks from

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you to assign to my company,

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so I get some networks from them.

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They're basically leasing that--

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I'm not really buying it.

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It's like they're renting

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it to me.

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Now, I probably have to pay them

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a monthly fee,

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maybe a yearly fee,

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so that that network is

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registered as mine,

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belonging to my company.

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So great, I'm working along,

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but over time I start getting a

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little irritated with Keith's

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service provider.

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It goes down a lot.

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I lose my network connectivity.

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Whenever I call their

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customer service,

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I'm on hold for like

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45 minutes on end,

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and then I get somebody who's

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totally rude and abusive to me.

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Eventually I get to the point

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where I say,

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You know what,

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I'm done with you.

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I'm not going to use Keith's

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service provider anymore.

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I'm going to move to a different

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service provider.

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I'm going to move to

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your competitor.

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Well guess what,

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if I got my network from them,

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my IP addresses,

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now I have to basically give it

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back to them.

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I can't take it with me,

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and now when I move to another

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service provider,

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I've got to get a whole other

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range of IP addresses which is

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going to be a huge pain.

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That means I have to go log into

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all my routers,

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all my switches, all my laptops,

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all my DHCP servers,

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and spend a considerable amount

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of time readdressing my

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entire network.

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If we're talking about a large

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network with thousands of

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employees and devices,

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that's going to be a monstrous

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pain, as alternative to that I

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could go directly to my regional

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Internet registry.

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I could contact the American

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Registry of Internet Numbers -

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ARIN - get a subnet or multiple

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networks from them,

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and now regardless of which

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service provider I'm using it

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doesn't matter because I got my

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network directly from my regional

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Internet registry.

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There's actually a term for that,

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they call that

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provider-independent addressing.

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If you ever hear that term -

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provider-independent addressing -

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that means you went directly to

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your regional Internet registry,

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got your address - your IP

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networks - from them.

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What's kind of interesting though

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is that here we are in 2015 if

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you go onto ARIN's website,

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as an example,

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and look up how to do that you'll

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see that it's virtually

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impossible these days because

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IPv4 has been around for so long,

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and the growth of networks has

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been exponential every

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single year,

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pretty much almost all of the

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IPv4 addressing spaces almost

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used up.

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If you go to ARIN's website,

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it'll show you how much

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addressing space is currently

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available and there is almost

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next to nothing.

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So these days,

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getting provider independent

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addressing is kind of tough.

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You've got to provide some really

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strong justification to get that

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from your regional

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internet registry.

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So 95% of the people these days

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who need networks are forced to

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go to their service provider

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because those are the only

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companies left that have free

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networks to give out.

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Also, you can see there there's a

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link at the bottom of that page.

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If you go to that,

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you will see which one of those

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regional internet registries were

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allocated to blocks of networks

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from the Internet Assigned

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Numbers Authority,

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which is kind of interesting

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because that means that if you

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ever see an IP address,

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you can figure out which portion

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of the world owns that

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IP address.

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Like if I'm going to a website

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and I know that their IP address

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begins with,

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99-dot-something,

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I can go to that website and I

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can see the 99-block was

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allocated from the Internet

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Assigned Numbers Authority to

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LACNIC. They own it.

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So that website I'm going to must

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be somewhere in the Caribbean or

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Latin America.

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It's kind of interesting, you can

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play around with that.

294
00:08:16,658 --> 00:08:20,949
[music]