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Hello and welcome.

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So in this lesson, we are going to learn about some of the Linux file and directory commands.

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Now, these are the most important ones and you're going to use this very, very frequently.

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So let's quickly begin with the first command, which is the LZ command.

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So LZ stands for LIST.

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So let us see if I type the command ls and hit enter.

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What is the output that we get?

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You will be able to see whatever the content is there into your computer.

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So basically all the files and folders, which are the directories.

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As you can see, these are all the files and folders that are into my computer.

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All right.

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So if you want to see all the files in a long listing, which is basically also known as in detailed

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format, so we are going to type the command, which is ls space hyphen all.

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And you will be able to see this is the detailed listing of a file in which you are able to see more

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information about that file.

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For instance, just to make a difference if it is a file or a folder.

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By that I mean if it is a directory.

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You can also see from here, for example, you can see this file which is you want, this is a file.

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How do I know that?

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And this UFO net is a folder which is a directory.

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How do I know that?

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You can see here it is written D.

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So the file permission.

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These are the file permissions.

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And here you can see a D which denotes that this is a directory, which means it is a folder and you

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want is a file because there is no D.

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So this is one of the way to identify files and folders in Linux.

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Obviously you can obviously make out through this color coding, but this is not the best way to identify

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if this are files or folders in the Linux operating system so you can type the command ls space hyphen

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a l or hyphen a l l and you will be able to see the detailed output of that file from that.

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You can make a difference if it is a file or folder with a lot of more information as well as you can

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see over here, which also gives you the information of which is the user which has created the group

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the size as well as the date when the file was successfully created.

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Perfect.

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Let's move ahead.

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The next command that we are going to see is P.W DX.

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So PWT stands for Present Working Directory.

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Now this will show you in which the current directory you are.

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So I'm currently working into a directory which is slash route perfect.

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So let's quickly navigate into a directory for that.

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We use the command which is CD which stands for Change Directory.

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So let's change into our directory.

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And as we saw, UFO net is a directory because we saw there was a DX in front of that.

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So let's go into this directory and now you can see we have successfully navigated into this directory

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which is up for Nat.

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Also you can verify that using the command which is p dx and hit enter and you can see the present working

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directory is slash root slash UFO net.

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Perfect.

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So let's create a directory over here.

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Now, to create a new directory, you have to type the command, which is D R, which stands for make

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directory.

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So let's quickly make a directory with the name as Rohit and hit enter.

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And you can see there is no output which has displayed onto the screen but the directory has been successfully

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created.

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Let's verify using the command ls and you can see here the name which is Rohit.

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Okay.

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So far we have been doing correct.

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So let's quickly go into that directory which is CD hit and obviously we have created the directory

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just now.

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Therefore the directory is empty.

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Let's verify using the command which is ls and you can see no output over here.

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So let's quickly create a file.

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So to create an empty file you can use the command which is touch.

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So basically you are touching a file and creating an empty file.

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So let's say touch one and hit enter.

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Now let's verify if we have created a file, so let's type the command.

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LS And you can see there is a file which is one, but this file is currently empty, so let's write

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some content into this file.

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So for that there are different ways to write content into a file and different editors which you can

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use.

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So I'm going to use an editor which is Nano, so I'm just going to type the command, which is nano

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space, the file name in which you want to make changes.

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So nano space one and hit enter.

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And this is how it looks like.

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So just remember, this is like your simple notepad editor in which you can write something.

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So let us quickly write.

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This is my first.

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File.

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And let's save this for that you can simply type control se and you can see it says route one line press

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control X to come out of that file again, let's go inside that file.

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Press control SW to save control X to come out of that file.

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Now as we have created a file, empty file, and then we have written content into that file, let's

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try to verify if we have written something into that or no.

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So for that we are going to use the command which is cat and hit enter and you can see the output of

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the command cat is this is my first file and this is what we wrote into that file.

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Correct.

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Perfect.

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Now, let me clear the screen for you.

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And here you can see we have one file, so let's make a copy of this file.

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So for that, we have to type the command, which is CP and the file that you want to copy.

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So we want to copy the file, which is one perfect.

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Now if I hit enter, you can see we get an error.

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It says missing destination because we have not specified where we want to paste the file.

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We have just specified the source.

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So where do we need to paste the file?

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Let's make a folder.

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So mkdir r and let's make a folder named as shiffer and hit enter.

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And you can see here we have a directory which is Shifa and we have a file which is one, let's make

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one more directory called as Saba and hit enter.

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Now we have a file which is one which has the content.

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This is my first file and we have to empty directories so let's quickly copy the file one into Shifa

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and hit Enter.

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And you can see here is the file and there should be a file inside the directory which is Shifa.

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So let's quickly go into the directory by the command CD space, the directory in which I want to navigate

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and hit enter and let's check the present working directory.

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Yes, we are into the directory which is Shifa.

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Let's verify if there is a file and yes there is a file, let's verify the content.

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It should be the same that we have created and you can see it is exactly the same content which says

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This is my first file.

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Awesome.

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So let's go back.

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By the command, which is CD.

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Dot.

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Dot.

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So when you type the command.

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CD dot, dot.

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We are going to go one step back.

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So currently we are into this directory.

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Shifa And when we hit Enter we should be able to navigate one step back into this directory, which

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is Rohit.

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So let me hit enter.

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And you can see now I'm into this directory, which is Rohit.

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Okay.

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Perfect.

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So now we have created a file inside the directory, which is Shifa.

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So basically we have copied it.

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Now let's try to delete this file, which is one.

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So for that the command is R, which stands for remove.

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So remove one hit enter and you can see the file has been successfully removed.

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Let's quickly remove a directory as well.

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So let's say we remove the directory which is Sabah.

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So Space Sabah and hit enter.

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And you can see it gave an error.

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It says it's a directory.

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Okay.

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So we cannot remove a directory by simply typing the command arm.

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So let's remove the directory with the command, which is our m d i r.

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So Aram to delete a file ah dear, to remove a directory and let's hit enter and you can see we got

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no error and we have successfully deleted the directory and you can see there is no one, there is no

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Sabah.

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So let's delete the Shifa directory as well.

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So we have used the command which is our MD here and let's type the name Shifa and hit Enter.

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Now, this time we got a different error.

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It says the directory not empty.

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Perfect.

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So now we came to know that we cannot delete a directory which has something inside it with the command.

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Ah mdi ah ah mdi ah.

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Is only used to delete empty directories.

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Perfect.

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So how do we actually delete this now?

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It's very simple.

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I am space hyphen r f and we want to delete the directory, which is Shifa.

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So remove recursively, forcefully, whatever you want to remove.

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You can remove a file.

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You can remove empty directory.

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Or you can delete a directory which has content inside it using this command which is arm space, hyphen

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RF.

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Let's hit enter and you can see it's gone.

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Everything is deleted from here.

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So I hope you guys understood how you can use this command.

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All right.

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So this is it for this video.

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Let's go ahead and see you into the next lesson.

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Thank you.