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Hello, everybody, and welcome to the Methods Advanced Lecture.

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Before we begin, let's have a quick overview regarding the topics that we have covered in previous

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lectures.

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OK, we started off methods, basics, where we were, where we encountered basics, theory, terminology

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of what our methods and what they are capable of right after we have seen several examples.

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The first example was a simple method declaration and also method execution right here straightaway.

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Afterwards, we have seen that we can pass arguments inside and method.

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Basically, we have set a number of variable right here.

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And also we have seen that data flow that that goes from the execution and goes to the declaration and

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inside the methods content right here.

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OK, then we passed all.

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We passed on to the mid-level lecturer's of methods.

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And here we have seen some more cool tricks.

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We have seen that we can use default values inside methods.

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And in cases that we are not having input inside it, we will not have an error or we will avoid an

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error or an exception by putting a default value right here.

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And then we have studied also the methods can receive variables from the other hand, also can return

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variables, and this return value can be used outside of the method in our purposes.

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Whatever we want, we can even pass it on to a different method as well.

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And we have covered this one as well.

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OK, so I think that now we're ready to go for work forward to methods advanced.

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And before we begin, just want to have a few words.

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OK, so as in the advanced lecture would be a bit more challenging and especially the methods just preparing

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you that you will see some examples and some theory here that is a bit more challenging.

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But worry not because I have backup for you as well.

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I'm going to show you live examples regarding each of these examples, which is going to executed on

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PI charm.

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So everything's going to be just fine.

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And also, just a quick tip for life.

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Each time I have a big problem, I always break it down into small pieces.

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Let's say, for example, like a young man is thinking, how am I going to bring my life together?

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I need to have a wife.

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I need to have a car.

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Do they have a job, a house?

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And all these seems really threatening at the beginning.

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But then once he starts to breaking it down to small pieces, for example, I need to study I need to

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study a certain field and then find a job according to this field, and then to go and meet some people

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and then meet a girl and so on and so on.

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So once you have a plan, nothing is threatening and everything is just turns to be easy.

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Right.

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So this is exactly the type of studying that I believe in, and I think that will be just fine.

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All right.

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So let's begin.

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All right.

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So first of all, we have seen in previous lectures, let me just fix the sentence.

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In previous lectures, we have seen simple examples.

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Of methods and some foundational features of it.

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OK, and we can also encounter a keyword arguments, which we just talked about briefly in the in the

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first lecture right here.

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OK, so we have seen that we can pass arguments.

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Arguments are basically variables or collections of data, basically called arguments.

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OK, so we know that the arguments are variables and collections, but what are basically keyword arguments?

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We already know what it is like.

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It's the term which is not familiar to us.

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Let's see what it is.

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OK, so basically we can pass keyword arguments and the keyword arguments are like variables, but this

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time the variables are not coming in the form of a single string or a single number.

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The common syntax of a key value.

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OK, and where we do, we are familiar with the key value syntax, obviously, from Dictionary Stoppie,

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correct?

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Yeah.

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OK, so let's see a quick example here of what's going on and how should we handle these keyword arguments.

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All right.

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So here we have a declaration of a method which we already know how it looks.

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OK, form Brandes is our method.

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We've said here three variables and pay attention to these variables are mixed in order and there not

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by order.

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OK, and right here below, we have the execution line where we have a different type of variables passed

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into the method.

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And you can see that they are like two items inside each cell, which is a key and a value basically

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looks very, very like a dictionary.

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So brand one key fits for the apple value.

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Brand two is Siami and Brantley's L.G..

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OK, and then inside we pass all of these variables inside the method and then inside the method.

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What we're seeing here is that we're trying to print brand three variable.

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Correct.

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And once once Python recognizes that we're passing keyword arguments inside it, inside the method,

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he knows that once we call out one of these variables, it should print as it should use the value of

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the key.

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OK, so in our case, once we are passing by three equals L.G. right here and then we call it out.

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So the output will show us.

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The third brand is L.G..

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OK, so it will print out the value of brand three.

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OK, so these are this is the logic's.

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And I think that we will have much more confidence and we'll just see it inside by chance as well.

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And let's try to like sorry, let's try to actually execute this code and see it with our own eyes.

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All right, so I've created here some initial some glass for these examples, and once we execute it,

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OK, this is the copy paste of the code.

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So once we execute it so you can see here, the third brand is LG while here, just copied this line

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as well.

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We see that it just execute the code and shows us the value of this key here.

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This is this is what it shows us the value of brand three.

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All right.

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Not very hard.

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OK, so just one rule here.

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Once you pass keyword arguments and then you use it inside the method, the argument.

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So the argument will show the value of the key.

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That's it.

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Plain, simple.

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All right, so from here, let's go to the second topic, which are arbitrary arguments and basically

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what arbitrary word means is not something which always will be the same occurrence, like random.

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So we're not sure we're going to see a method now that we're not sure about.

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How many variables should it get on each time it will be executed?

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OK, so basically in these examples, we have seen that from the previous election.

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Right.

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Yeah.

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So we have seen here that only one variable can be passed inside.

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And for example, if I put two variables here, so we'll have an error because the method is not expecting

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to variables.

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So now we're going to learn how to overcome this by having arbitrary arguments passed into the method.

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OK, so Python gives us an option to have an arbitrary number of arguments when we are dealing with

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methods, meaning if you do not know how many arguments, which are variables or collections will be

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passed into a method and arbitrary arguments approach is the right one for us.

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OK, so let's see the implementation and how do we actually use it?

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OK, so you have an example right here.

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We have a declaration of of a method of a method here and inside the declaration.

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You can see here a special starky, OK, which is basically can be done by shift in the number eight

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inside your keyboard.

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And once we are adding this special key, the star here, the the method will address this variable

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differently from simple variables.

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And let's see how exactly.

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OK, let's go always to the execution and level to see what we are passing into the method, because

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this is the entry gate of the method.

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So you can see that we have executed the comp, the clothing company's method two times now.

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And in the first time we have passed three variables into it.

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But in the second time we passed on two variables.

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And you obviously can trust me that this case did not come up with any errors, OK, because this was

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intentional.

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Once we have tried it with the methods that we studied in the basics lecture, if we will pass you two

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variables, it would show us an error or an exception.

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And it's a different name for error.

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And we cannot continue with our call because it will fail.

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OK, but now we're studying that if we're putting a small star icon, small star, our key and then

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putting a variable here.

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So this would not fail.

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You can execute one time with two variables and in a second time with three variables.

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OK, and let's go one line inside.

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OK, let's go into the content of the method.

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And you can see here that I've printed out the the following thing.

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The last company is OK plus and then clothing companies and you have square brackets and minus one,

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so the minus one inside the square brackets automatically should trigger your brains.

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The thing that we have a collection here, OK, because this type of syntax, as we can remember, we

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can recall it that this is how we pull out in cell values, out of collections.

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Correct.

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We studied it.

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We covered it a lot.

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So this is how we pull our values out of cells.

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OK, so this basically means one thing then.

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The variable that we have declared up in here is a sort of collection, and this is true.

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OK, so once you put here a single star, a key python knows that whatever comes from the execution

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line goes here, Open-top here, OK, whatever goes here, this will be turned into a tuple collection.

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OK, this is a trick.

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You can put two variables.

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Three hundred.

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It doesn't matter.

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Every variable that you put here will be inserted into this clothing companies right here, which will

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be a tuple collection.

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OK, that way tuple can contain as many elements of the as you want and it does not have any limitation

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unless you give it.

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All right.

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So that that is the reason that inside the Mathas contents right here, if I want to pull out the last

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value.

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So I'm just using the minus one, and in the first execution, I'm going to have a chat and print it

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out and then the second one, the Adidas, OK?

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Also, as the previous lecture, did you have some confidence, let me just copy it and put it right

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here and let's execute and see what happens.

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All right.

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There you go.

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OK, so first execution, we've inserted one, two, three variables, it went inside the clothing.

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Clothing is a tuple, as we just mentioned, and then I asked it to give me the last value off the top.

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OK, so in the first case, the last value is and in the second case it is Adidas and it was ran successfully.

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OK, but in this case, if I did leave the store, we immediately have unexpected arguments here.

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And also if we run, it will fail because, OK, we have only one position.

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We have only one argument defined here in the declaration, but we're passing three variables and the

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first case.

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So we have a we have an execution error.

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So this is why this way we're putting a star here and this clothing company becomes a Toppo.

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OK, that's about this one.

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And let's go straight ahead to the last example, which I believe will be much easier after we have

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understood what happened here with arbitrary arguments.

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All right, so, Matt, we have seen and this example is that we're passing we were passing variables

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we can't pass one, two, three, 10 or 15 arguments inside this method right here.

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But now we're going to have an arbitrary keyword arguments.

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OK, so keyword arguments we already know, OK?

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These are key values, index variables, as we have seen in the first topic of this lecture.

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But now the word arbitrary is added to this term right here.

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So again, what this means is that we can execute a certain we can execute a certain method without

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knowing of how many variables or how many cells it will contain.

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OK, so we have used a single star icon inside the previous example of arbitrary arguments, but inside

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arbitrary keyword arguments, we're going to use the same technique, but this time we're going to add

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two stars in it.

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OK, let's see the example so you can see until that keyword arguments best into the method by using

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a key value structure.

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All right.

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Wow.

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Just a quick reminder up in here, it became a top all, but we have passed a simple variables without

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key value structure.

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OK, this is the difference.

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OK, so here passing key value arguments that we can pass in this execution, two variables, we can

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use an additional execution and best three variables.

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And once they get to the declaration level, a python recognizes it will pass key value.

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Have here we have two stars.

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So he immediately turns this variable right here into a dictionary.

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OK, it turns it into a dictionary.

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Let's copy it and as well see it and live execution example.

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Let's put it right here.

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All right.

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Let's change the quotation mark, and we should be fine.

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All right.

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We have some additional or no.

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Mike, for us, the indention, right?

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Like that.

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All right, so that's executed.

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OK, so what happened here is that I'm calling because this is a dictionary.

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So right here I'm extracting the value of this key, OK?

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The Keys model.

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And once I mention that the dictionary and inside square brackets state the key, so it should show

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me the value you can recall and also cover the material.

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If it's not familiar to you, you can cover the dictionaries lectures once again.

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But it's the same as we study regarding these dictionaries.

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This is how we extract values from a dictionary and that's about it.

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OK, so some more of this thing and we're passing here key values, arguments inside the method.

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And this time it's arbitrary, meaning I can execute at one time with two cells and in the second time

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I can put here, for example.

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You're right.

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And then put.

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Few thousand twenty or two thousand fifteen doesn't matter, and then executed.

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And we should not have any errors in the execution, but on the other hand, if we remove these two

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stars, you can see here that unexpected oral argument is fast and this is not good for us.

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And also, it should not be executed, will be incomplete.

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OK.

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So I think this covers our three most advanced topics regarding methods.

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I also recommend before going to the next lecture off practice to read this material by ourselves again

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and try to copy these examples into my charm and to play with it just to change your variables and to

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make some manipulations by yourselves, because experimenting is the best starting technique.

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OK, so go over the material again and then go to the next lecture where we will start practicing.

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Thank you and bye bye.