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All right.
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So the first thing that you need to do is install something called PIP. So PIP is a package management system
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that is used to install and manage packages that are written in Python and PIP is a little bit like
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CooaPods, but for Python packages.
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So if you go onto the Python Package Index at pypi.python.org, then you'll be able to see a list
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of all the Python packages. And as you can see, currently, there's over 100,000 packages that you can download.
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So downloading it from here and maintaining it and keeping it updated is kind of tiresome.
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So instead, we're going to be using PIP to do that.
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So Macs will come with Python preinstalled.
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And if you install virtual environments in the past or if you've downloaded Python to a Python 3, then
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you probably already have PIP on your system. But it's pretty easy to check to see if you have PIP installed,
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all you need to do is just write pip -v and you can see which version you've got.
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And if you don't have PIP installed, then it'll tell you that it doesn't exist.
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So I've already got PIP installed 9.0.1.
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Now, if you don't have PIP installed, it's also incredibly easy to install it.
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So if you're unfamiliar with Python and Linux commands, then it's probably easier just to head over to
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this URL, which are linked to in this lesson, and all you have to do is just download this by right-clicking
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save link as, and I'm going to save it on my desktop.
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Now, once you've got it downloaded, then you need to change directory to where it's located.
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So in my case, I've downloaded to my desktop. And once I'm inside my desktop, then all I need to do to
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install PIP is just to run it using Python.
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Now, I'm going to add the sudo keyword in front of it which stands for superuser do, so that it will
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ask me for my password, but it gives me admin privileges.
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So you're going to write sudo, then you're going to write python,
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so this is what you're going to use to run that, get-pip.py file that you've downloaded.
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So just review your line of code and make sure it says exactly the same as mine, and then hit enter.
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And at this point, it's going to ask you for a password.
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So once you have successfully installed PIP, then you should see this line where it says, "Successfully
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installed version 9.0.1.
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So yours might differ from mine.
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It'll probably be higher than this because you'll be doing it in the future.
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So once that's done, we're going to use PIP to install a virtual environment.
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Now, why do we need a virtual environment?
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Well, so in order to convert those models in Caffe or Keras into a .mlmodel file, we're going
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to need a package from Apple which is called CoremlTools.
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Now, it's an open-source package, but it requires Python 2.7 in order to work.
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Now, you may or may not know,
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but Python has quite a bit of problem in terms of its versioning. So the Python team has brought out
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the latest version of Python which is Python 3 ,or more specifically, Python 3.6.
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But there's a lot of people who have already created and spent a lot of effort maintaining open-source
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tools that were built using Python 2.
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So there's quite a bit of contention and this problem has divided the Python community. So it's almost
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like, remember back when we had a Swift 1, which got upgraded, Swift 2, Swift 3, there are quite a lot of
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code changes. And, thankfully, the people who created open-source frameworks for Swift 2 and Swift 1
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were able to update them to Swift 3, and now Swift 4.
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But in the case of Python, there's actually now two distinct camps, people who are updating the frameworks
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of Python 3 and people who have decided to keep it in Python 2.
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So in the case of CoremlTools, Apple decided that it's only going to work with Python 2.7.
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So to prevent you from having a load of headaches, we're going to set up a virtual environment which
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allows to create a directory on our laptop and we can specify the version of Python used just for that
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directory.
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So it's a way of isolating a particular directory and explicitly specifying the version of Python that
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we're going to use.
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And this way we minimize errors and we give ourselves the best chance of doing this
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conversion as smoothly as possible.
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So even if you're really familiar with Python, even if you've been coding for 40 years, please just follow
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along with me for the time being,
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and once you've made it work and gone to grips with the tools then feel free to chop and change however
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you wish.
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So enough talking.
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Now that we've installed PIP, we're going to use it to install a virtual environment package.
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So I'm going to navigate back to my root directory by writing a cd, change directory, and the tilde
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symbol, and hit enter.
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Now, I am back in my root directory, as you can tell, with that tillde sign.
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So here I'm going to write
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pip install virtual env. So make sure that you've got the correct spelling, and then hit enter.
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So if you get an error like this where it says, "Permission denied," then all you need to do is just to
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add the "sudo" keyword in front of it.
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So, now instead of pip install virtual env, it's sudo pip install env.
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And once successfully installed, you should get a success message and a version of your virtual end
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and it should be the same or higher than what I've got here.
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All right, so we've got our virtual environment package installed,
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now it's time to set up our virtual environment.
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Now, in order to do this, the best practice is probably to set up an environment directory where you can
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manage all of your various environments.
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So I'm going to do that in my root directory,
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so the one that's represented by the tilde symbol. And here, I'm going to use the make directory command
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to make a new folder called environments, and hit enter.
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Now, for those you guys who are more familiar with the graphic user interface or prefer the GUI, then
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if you have a look inside your user folder in Finder, then you should be able to see a folder that was
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newly created called environments.
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So, now that we've got this Environment's folder up here, we're going to cd or change directory in there.
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So cd environments.
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So, now we are inside Environments and this is the place where we're going to create our virtual environment
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in Python 2.7.
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So to do that, we're going to invoke virtualenv --python=/usr/bin/python2.7
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And we're going to call that directory: python27.
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So what this line does is it uses the virtual environment package to create a directory called python27
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inside the Environments directory, and it's going to set it up to run on Python 2.7.
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So, now if I hit enter, you'll see that it's going to take a little while. And once it's done, if you have
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a look inside environments, you now have this directory called python27.
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So to start a virtual environment, all you need to write is source python27/bin/activate.
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Hit enter.
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And you can see you are now running on python27. And we can check that by writing python -- version.
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Hit enter and you can see we are running Python 2.7.10.
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So awesome.
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Now, in order to exit the Python 2.7 environment, all you need to do is just type "deactivate." And you can
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see, we are back now in our Environments directory, and we are no longer inside the python27 virtual
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environment.
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Now, let's say in the future, you decide to create a Python 3.6 virtual environment and you can check
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to see python --version. And you see
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now we are running on Python 3.6.1.
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So previously, we were running 2.7, and now we're running 3.6,
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and this is all done by using virtual environments.
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Now, let's get back to our main topic:
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Installing CoremlTools.
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So let's deactivate our Python 3.6 and get back into our Python 2.7.
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So source, then python27/bin/activate while inside your Environments folder.
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So hit enter and you should see we're now back into Python 2.7 virtual environment.
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So while we're inside a Python 2.7 virtual environment, we are going to install our CoremlTools, and it's
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as easy as writing pip install -U coremltools.
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Hit enter
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and it should take a little while,
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not too long. And now it's done.
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And if you're interested in what that "-u" does, it simply helps you install the latest version
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of CoremlTools.
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So whereas if you just wrote pip install coremltools, if you already had it on your system, it would
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say, "Already installed.
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This is the version." But by adding that modifier -u,
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then even if you have CoremlTools, it'll go and check and grab the latest version of it and help you install
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it.
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All right.
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And so that's all you need to do.
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So deactivate to get out of Python 2.7 virtual environment and we are done.
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We have installed CoremlTools using PIP and Python and we are now ready to convert our model into
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a mlmodel file.
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As always, if you have any trouble doing any of that, be sure to start a new thread in the Q & A and we'll
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try and help you out.
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So I'll see you on the next lesson.